| Total
Child Labour |
NATIONAL STATISTICS
* For the year 2000,
the ILO projects that there will be 466,000 economically active children,
266,000 girls and 200,000 boys between the ages of 10-14, representing
5.21% of this age group. (ILO, International Labour Office - Bureau of Statistics, Economically Active Population 1950-2010, STAT Working Paper, ILO 1997)
* A reported 36,000
child labourers are illegally employed although observers estimate the
figure is actually 10 times that. ("Statistics paint grim
picture of children's sad plight in Vietnam", Vietnam Investment Review,
11/9/2000)
* 995,564 children
are economically active. (ILO, Yearbook of Labour Statistics,
1998)
* The government estimated in 1997 that approximately 29,000 children
below the age of 15 were victims of exploitative labour. That estimate
may have been low, since most of these children are working in the informal
sector. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* 12,675 children
under 15 years are working. (CWA,
Truong Thi Hao, How to Protect and to Help Working Children in Vietnam
in the Economic Crisis of Asia, citing Protection and Care Committee,
1998)
* There are
an estimated 28,850 child labourers. (CWA,
Truong Thi Hao, How to Protect and to Help Working Children in Vietnam
in the Economic Crisis of Asia, citing Report of Vietnam Children)
* In 1995 there were
791,000 economically active children, 448,000 girls and 343,000 boys between
the ages of 10-14, representing 9.12% of this age group. (ILO, International Labour Office - Bureau of Statistics, Economically Active Population 1950-2010, STAT Working Paper, ILO 1997)
*
1,349,052 children between the ages of 13-15 were economically active.
(CWA,
Truong Thi Hao, How to Protect and to Help Working Children in Vietnam
in the Economic Crisis of Asia, citing General Census 1989)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
*
In urban areas, children work in family-owned, small businesses. In rural
areas, children work primarily on family farms and in other agricultural
activities. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Child
Slavery |
- |
| Child
Trafficking |
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* Many of the estimated
15,000 to 20,000 prostitutes in Phnom Penh are believed to be Vietnamese
girls and women. (UNICEF, Children on the Edge, citing, UN ESCAP
(2000), UNICEF East Asia and Pacific)
* 3,000 women
and children are trafficked to Cambodia for prostitution and China
for domestic work. (ILO-IPEC, Trafficking
in Children and Women, 1999)
* 500 Vietnamese girls
are trafficked to Cambodia for Prostitution. (ILO-IPEC,
Combating Trafficking in Children for Labour Exploitation in the Mekong
Sub-region, October 1998)
* 3,000 Vietnamese
girls smuggled to Cambodia for Prostitution, 15% were under 15 years.
("Trafficking of Children on the Rise",
Bangkok Post, 22 July 1998)
*
One third of 55,000 prostitutes in Cambodia are under 18 and most are Vietnamese.
(CATW
Fact Book, citing "Vietnam Child Sex Trade Rising", AP, 24 April 1998,
citing World Human Rights Organisation and UNICEF)
ADULT
STATISTICS
*
1 million women trafficked into Thailand from Laos, Burma, China, and Vietnam.
(CATW, The Fact Book on Global Sexual Exploitation, 1999)
LOCAL
STATISTICS
*
Unofficial estimates say that there are as many as 15,000 prostituted persons
in Phnom Penh, and that up to 35% of them have been smuggled into Cambodia
from China or Vietnam, mostly from the southwestern provinces of Vietnam
- Long An, An Giang, Song Be, Kien Giang, Dong Thap, Can Tho and Ho Chi
Minh City. (CATW
Fact Book, citing "The Street of Little Flowers", Bangkok Post, 23 February
1997, rewritten from Mikel Flamm and Ngo Kim Cuc, Children of the Dust)
GENERAL NOTES AND
OBSERVATIONS
* According to
reports, CSEC is increasing in Vietnam. (ECPAT,
CSEC Database, http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/index.asp)
*
There also were reports of women being trafficked to Hong Kong from
Vietnam as "mail order brides", usually through arrangements made
by tourist agencies, international labour services, or marriage
mediating agencies. Once in Hong Kong, they are vulnerable to exploitation.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Children also
are trafficked domestically and overseas to work as prostitutes. One
NGO advocate estimated that, among trafficked girl children, the average
age was from 15 through 17 years; many were trafficked to Cambodia
and China. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* In October two
Vietnamese women were prosecuted in Vietnam for trafficking 15 Vietnamese
women to Macau for the purpose of prostitution. There also have been
credible reports that women from Vietnam are trafficked into Macau
as mail-order brides, with the assistance of organisations purporting
to be travel agencies, international labour organisations, or marriage
mediating services. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Hundreds of Vietnamese
women trafficked out to Europe, China, Cambodia and Macau for prostitution.
(CATW
Fact Book, citing "EU wants more cooperation with Vietnam to end trafficking
women, drugs", AFP, 27 February 1998)
* Trafficking of
minors domestically as well as to foreign destinations as prostitutes.
(US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
*
Many of the prostituted women and children in Cambodia are from Vietnam.
(CATW
Fact Book, citing Chris Seper, "Police Sweeps Help Clean Up Child
Prostitution", Christian Science Monitor, 8 January 1998)
* The number of
Burmese, Cambodian, Vietnamese and Chinese children enticed into or
forced into prostitution in Bangkok and other cities in Thailand,
increased during 1997. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
*
Prostituted girls, most of them aged 15 to 18 years, are found in
the Svay Pak red-light district of Cambodia. Many girls are much
younger. Most of them are smuggled in from Vietnam and all are bound
by contracts, which last from six months to over a year. Svay Pak
has the largest number of prostituted Vietnamese girls. (CATW
Fact Book, citing "The Street of Little Flowers", Bangkok Post,
23 February 1997, rewritten from Mikel Flamm and Ngo Kim Cuc, Children
of the Dust)
* Usually the traffic
is domestic, sometimes transnational.
(UNICEF,
"Trafficking of Children in Vietnam", Child Workers in Asia, January-June
1996)
*
There is an organised traffic into prostitution in Cambodia of young
girls from Vietnam and South China.
(CWA, Tim Seaman, Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defence of Human Rights (LICADHO), "Sexual Exploitation: Cambodia", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2, January - June 1996)
*
Malaysia is a receiving country for trafficked women from Indonesia,
the Philippines, Thailand, China, India, Taiwan, Singapore, Burma,
Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Laos. (CATW-Asia
Pacific, Trafficking in Women and Prostitution in the Asia Pacific,
1996)
* Thousands
of Vietnamese women are trafficked through the Vietnam-China border
by illegal organisers who take them to Cambodia and from there to
neighboring countries for prostitution purposes. Vietnamese pimps
pretend to court village girls to bring them to the city, and then
sell them to brothels. (CATW-Asia
Pacific, Trafficking in Women and Prostitution in the Asia Pacific,
1996)
|
| Child
Prostitution and Pornography |
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* A report presented
to the International Young People's Participation conference in
Manila in May 2000 stated that "based on reports by the Social
Evil Prevention Department of the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and
Social Affairs, there were from 5000 to 7000 children involved in
commercial sexual exploitation in 1998." (ECPAT,
CSEC Database, http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/index.asp)
* An incomplete report
estimates that there are currently 724 girls under the age of 16 engaged
as sex workers, while the figures for 1994 and 1998 were 1,566 and 1,368
respectively. ("Statistics paint grim picture
of children's sad plight in Vietnam", Vietnam Investment Review, 11/9/2000)
* 500 Vietnamese girls
are trafficked to Cambodia for prostitution. (ILO-IPEC,
Combating Trafficking in Children for Labour Exploitation in the Mekong
Sub-region, October 1998)
* 3,000 women and children
are trafficked to Cambodia for prostitution and China for domestic work.
(ILO-IPEC, Trafficking in Children and Women,
1999)
*
One third of 55,000 prostitutes in Cambodia are under 18 and most
are Vietnamese. (CATW
Fact Book, citing "Vietnam Child Sex Trade Rising", AP, 24 April
1998, citing World Human Rights Organisation and UNICEF)
* There are 40,000
child prostitute in Vietnam. (June Kane, Sold for Sex, Aren Ashgate Publising Limited Gower House, 1998)
*
The estimated number of prostitutes is 0.2 million, with children
accounting for some 7%. (CWA,
"Child Prostitution in Vietnam", Child Workers in Asia,
Vol. 10, No. 3, July -September 1994)
ADULT
STATISTICS
* The Ho Chi
Minh City people's committee recently acknowledged that more than
10,000 women in the city engage in prostitution. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
* Unofficial estimates
say that there are as many as 15,000 prostituted persons in Phnom Penh,
and that up to 35% of them have been smuggled into Cambodia from China
or Vietnam, mostly from the southwestern provinces of Vietnam - Long An,
An Giang, Song Be, Kien Giang, Dong Thap, Can Tho and Ho Chi Minh City.
(CATW
Fact Book, citing "The Street of Little Flowers", Bangkok Post, 23 February
1997, rewritten from Mikel Flamm and Ngo Kim Cuc, Children of the Dust)
*
The number of prostitutes in Ho Chi Minh City number between 30,000-50,000.
(Taneeya
Runcharoen, "The Child Workers of Hochiminh City", Child Workers in Asia,
April-June 1994)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
*
Widespread poverty contributed to continued child prostitution,
especially of girls, but also some boys as well, in major cities.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
*
Many prostitutes in Ho Chi Minh City are girls between the ages
of 15 and 17. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report,
2001)
*
In October two Vietnamese women were prosecuted in Vietnam for trafficking
15 Vietnamese women to Macau for the purpose of prostitution. There
also have been credible reports that women from Vietnam are trafficked
into Macau as mail-order brides, with the assistance of organisations
purporting to be travel agencies, international labour organisations,
or marriage mediating services. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
*
The number of Burmese, Cambodian, Vietnamese and Chinese children
enticed into or forced into prostitution in Bangkok and other cities
in Thailand, increased during 1997. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Most trafficking
is to China and to Cambodia, including children. Trafficking happens
through kidnapping, especially for brothels, deceptive job offers
or tourist trips, match-making with foreigners who often sell and
resell the women abroad. (CATW,
Trafficking in Women and Prostitution in the Asia Pacific)
* Vietnamese
traffickers sell hundreds of women and children each year in Europe,
China, Cambodia and Macau, for prostitution. (CATW
Fact Book, citing "EU wants more cooperation with Vietnam to end
trafficking women, drugs", AFP, 27 February 1998)
* Many young
children have also been drawn into prostitution.
(Taneeya
Runcharoen, "The Child Workers of Hochiminh City", Child Workers
in Asia, April-June 1994)
|
| Children
in Crime |
GENERAL
JUVENILE CRIME STATISTICS
* Police reports
that about 4,600 children under the age of 16 come before them each
year, accused of criminal activity. Last year alone 6,247 children
had criminal records. ("Statistics
paint grim picture of children's sad plight in Vietnam", Vietnam
Investment Review, 11/9/2000)
|
| Child
Soldiers |
RECRUITMENT
LAWS AND REGULATIONS
* All citizens of
18 years of age or more are required to serve in the military. (CSUCS,
Asia Report, July 2000, citing Report of Vietnam to the UN CRC, 22 October
1992)
NOTES ON
GOVERNMENT FORCES
*
There are indications of under-18s in government armed forces as
17-year-old trainees in military schools are considered to be part
of the armed forces. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is
not known. (CSUCS,
Global Report on Child Soldiers - 2001)
*
There is no evidence of any underage recruitment into the Vietnamese armed
forces. (CSUCS,
Asia Report, July 2000)
|
| Domestic
Child Servants |
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* In 1997 UNICEF cited
evidence of children working as domestic servants. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Children employed
as household servants and maids are one of the most exploited, and least
protected groups of working children. The majority of domestic workers
are girls, who live with their employers and are totally dependent on them.
(Vu
Ngoc Binh, "Vietnam Realities", Child Workers in Asia, July-September 1994)
|
Other
Hazardous
Child Labour |
ASSORTED STATISTICS
*
22,000 children work in hazardous industries. (UNICEF,
State of the World's Children, 1995)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* A less visible group
of working children can be found in small-scale factories, many of which
can be found in the Govab District of Ho Chi Minh City. These factories
produce cheap goods for the local market and employ many child workers.
(Taneeya
Runcharoen, "The Child Workers of Hochiminh City", Child Workers in Asia,
April-June 1994)
* On almost every street
in Ho Chi Minh City, children can be seen selling newspapers, magazines,
pornographic books, lottery tickets, cigarettes, chewing gum etc. Some children
work as shoe-shine boys, street vendors and mechanics, while others are
scavengers or beggars. (Taneeya
Runcharoen, "The Child Workers of Hochiminh City", Child Workers in Asia,
April-June 1994)
*
There are also children working as helpers or assistants in restaurants,
wayside shops and canteens; hawkers, newspaper vendors, porters, sweepers
and scavengers; children working in small workshops and repair shops; and
helpers engaged in breaking stones, brick-making, mining, unloading goods
and collecting rags and garbage. (Vu
Ngoc Binh, "Vietnam Realities", Child Workers in Asia, July-September 1994)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Candy Production -
In one candy factory, children between the ages of 5-12 years work alongside
adult workers, wrapping sugarcane and nut candy. (Taneeya
Runcharoen, "The Child Workers of Hochiminh City", Child Workers in Asia,
April-June 1994)
* Mining and Quarrying
- In 1997 UNICEF cited evidence of children working in gold mines. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Mining and Quarrying
- Children are involved in small-scale gold mining. (ILO,
Small-scale Mines, 1999)
* Scavenging - Children
work as rubbish collectors. (Child
Workers in Asia, January-March 1995)
* Street Children - Children having
to eke out a living on the streets are increasing in number by an
average 22% each year. Last year 23,237 children were living rough
on the streets compared with 19,047 in 1998 and 12,749 in 1996.
("Statistics paint grim picture of children's sad plight in Vietnam",
Vietnam Investment Review, 11/9/2000)
* Street Children
- In Vietnam there are 50,000 street children of whom 14,000 are to
be found in Ho Chi Minh City and 7,000 in Hanoi. (ABC-CLIO,
Sandy Hobbs et al, Child Labor: A World History Companion, 1999, citing
Binh Vu Ngoc, Child Labour in Vietnam, 1995)
* Street Children
- The Vietnam Youth Association (VNYA) estimates that there are 50,000
children living and working on the streets. (Taneeya
Runcharoen, "The Child Workers of Hochiminh City", Child Workers in Asia,
April-June 1994)
|
|
