| Total
Child Labour |
NATIONAL STATISTICS
* For the year 2000, the ILO projects that
there will be 944,000 economically active children, 334,000 girls
and 610,000 boys between the ages of 10-14, representing 27.41%
of this age group.
(ILO, International Labour Office - Bureau of Statistics, Economically Active Population 1950-2010, STAT Working Paper, ILO 1997)
* 567,736 children are
working. (ILO, Yearbook of Labour Statistics,
1998)
* 32% of
children between 10-14 year are working.
(FNV, Eliminating Child
Labour, 1995)
*
In 1995, there were 1,034,000 economically active children, 348,000
girls and 685,000 boys between the ages of 10-14, representing 29.38%
of this age group. (ILO, International Labour Office - Bureau of Statistics, Economically Active Population 1950-2010, STAT Working Paper, ILO 1997)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Child labour
exists in SPLM/Spanish Peoples Liberation Army-held areas, particularly
in the agricultural sectors. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Child
Slavery |
ADULT
STATISTICS
*
Between 1995 and 2000, Christian Solidarity International has redeemed
at least 38,000 slaves, predominantly children. At least 100,000 people
are enslaved. (American
Anti-Slavery Group, Jesse Sage, e-mail to GMIS, 6 November 2000)
LOCAL STATISTICS
* 12,000 children are
enslaved in the north alone. (ILO-IPEC,
Mainstreaming Gender in IPEC Activities, 1999)
*
As many as 3,000 Ugandan children, abducted from northern Uganda by the
Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a Ugandan armed opposition group, were held
in the southern part of Sudan. These children were forced to become soldiers
or sexual slaves. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
*
A Ugandan rebel group, has kidnapped Ugandan children, taken them to southern
Sudan, and forced them to become soldiers or sex slaves. (US
Dept. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, July 12, 2001)
*
Sudan has the most brutal form of chattel slavery in the world. Arab militias
conduct raids on the African civilian population. Children are the spoils
of war. (American
Anti-Slavery Group, Jesse Sage, e-mail to GMIS, 6 November 2000)
* There have been reports
of trafficking in persons. Libyans have been implicated in the purchase
of Sudanese slaves, mainly southern Sudanese women and children, who were
captured by Sudanese government troops in the ongoing civil war in Sudan.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* There are credible
reports that government and government-associated forces seized and sold
women for work as domestic servants. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Credible reports persist
of practices such as the sale and purchase of children, some in alleged
slave markets. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Latest reports suggest
that the LRA has turned to selling abducted children in return for arms.
It has been reported that Bin Laden is the main buyer of these children.
Radio intercepts indicate that Bin Laden pays one Kalashnikov assault rifle
for every child he buys for use as forced labour on marijuana farms in Sudan.
(CSUCS,
Africa Report, April 1999 citing US Dept of State, Human Rights Report,
1998)
* Children from Uganda
are sold as slaves in Sudan. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* The UN Commission
on Human Rights' Special Rapporteur on Sudan has reported on the
continuing occurrence of slavery in each of his annual reports from
1993-96. (UN
Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1996)
*
The phenomena of slavery and practices similar to
slavery do exist in the Sudan.
(UN Special Rapporteur, Mr. Gáspár
Bíró, Situation of human rights in the Sudan, 1994)
|
| Child
Trafficking |
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Sudan is a both
a destination country for trafficked persons and a country in which internal
trafficking in persons is widespread. (US
Dept. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, July 12, 2001)
* Internal trafficking in Sudan generally is initiated by government-affiliated
militias or raiders as part of a strategy against the rebel forces of the
Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). (US
Dept. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, July 12, 2001)
* A Ugandan
rebel group, has kidnapped Ugandan children, taken them to southern Sudan,
and forced them to become soldiers or sex slaves. (US
Dept. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, July 12, 2001)
* In Sudan In May
1998, the Government formed the Committee for the Eradication of the Abduction
of Women and Children (CEAWAC). CEWAC oversees traditional chiefs who attempt
to identify and locate abducted individuals. Since the creation of CEAWAC,
about 340 abducted individuals have been returned to their homes. (US
Dept. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, July 12, 2001)
* There have been
reports of trafficking in persons. Libyans have been implicated in the
purchase of Sudanese slaves, mainly southern Sudanese women and children,
who were captured by Sudanese government troops in the ongoing civil war
in Sudan. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Trafficking in
humans has resurged along with civil war in Sudan. Young women and
children are considered the most profitable war bounty.
(CATW
Fact Book, citing Christian Solidarity International, Karin Davies,
"Slave Trade Thrives in Sudan", AP, 7 February 1998)
* Children from
Uganda are sold as slaves in Sudan.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* In 1997, there
was evidence of children being trafficked to the Gulf from Eritrea
and Sudan. Anti-Slavery International received photographs taken in
April 1997 in Qatar of young camel jockeys believed to have come from
Sudan. (CWA,
Anti-Slavery International – Urgent Action on Child Labour,"Child
Camel Jockeys in the Gulf States", Child Workers in Asia, Vol.
13, Nos. 2 & 3, April - September 1997)
* Cases of abduction,
sale or traffic of children reported.
(UN Special Rapporteur, Mr. Gáspár
Bíró, Situation of human rights in the Sudan, 1994)
|
| Child
Prostitution and
Pornography |
- |
| Children
in Crime |
GENERAL JUVENILE
CRIME STATISTICS
* 0.8% of total
prisoners are juveniles. (UNDP,
Human Development Report, 1999)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Many minors
are convicted for criminal activities.
(DCI, International Child Rights Monitor,
October 1994 to March 1995)
|
| Child
Soldiers |
COMBINED NATIONAL
STATISTICS
*
There are 25,000-32,000 child soldiers in both government and rebel
forces. (Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database)
GOVERNMENT
FORCE STATISTICS
* There are an estimated
3,000-8,000 child soldiers in the Popular Defence Force, the paramilitary
wing of the government. (Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database)
*
From 21 June 1997, some 75,000 secondary school students underwent
six-week training courses at camps run by the armed forces. (Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database, citing Horn of Africa Bulletin, May-June
1997)
OPPOSITION
GROUP STATISTICS
* There are
reports that 3,000 children were abducted from Northern Uganda,
by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), and were forced to become soldiers.
(US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
* The percentage of child
soldiers in the Southern Sudan Independence Movement is 20%. (Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database)
* By March 1999, about
500 child soldiers had been registered within the family unification programmes,
360 were demobilised, 288 in SSIM/A area and 72 in SPLA area. 42 were reunified
with their families. (CSUCS,
Africa Report, April 1999, citing Rädda Barnen)
*
The SPLA has been estimated to have approximately 9,000 child soldiers
in its ranks. (CSUCS, Update 7, 7 November
2000)
RECRUITMENT
LAWS AND REGULATIONS
*
In late 1997, it was reported that the government had decreed, in June
of that year, that all boys, typically of ages 17 to 19, were obliged to
do compulsory military service to receive the secondary school leaving
certificate. Other sources mentioned the age as 16 years and upwards. (CSUCS,
Africa Report, April 1999, citing "Government forcibly recruits youth in
the army", IPS, 23 October 1997)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
*
At the International Conference on War-Affected Children in Winnipeg, the
Governments of Sudan and Uganda on 17 September 2000, signed a Joint Communiqué
on Immediate Action on Abducted Children. The Government of Sudan agreed
to take "all measures to ensure the release and safe return" of the abducted
children, and the Government of Uganda agreed to "take all measures to
engage in dialogue with the LRA" to facilitate the return and resettlement
of members of the LRA, including the children. No concrete timetable for
the release of all the children has been set. (CSUCS,
Update 6, 19 October 2000)
COMBINED
NOTES
* There has been extensive
use of child soldiers, including some as young as 10, by both government
and opposition armed forces. (CSUCS,
Global Report on Child Soldiers - 2001)
NOTES ON GOVERNMENT FORCES
*
The government of Sudan has provided military and logistical support to
the Ugandan armed group Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), which is estimated
to hold 6,000 Ugandan children captive on government controlled territory.
The LRA is infamous for forcing both boys and girls to become soldiers
and to participate in acts of brutality against other children and adults.
Many of the girls have been raped and become concubines of LRA fighters.
(CSUCS,
Global Report on Child Soldiers - 2001)
*
The government forcibly conscripted young men and boys into the
military forces. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Child soldiers
below 15 years of age have been reported in PDF(Popular Defence Forces),
Military wing of the National Islamic Front. (Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database, citing Human Rights Watch, Children in
Combat, 1996)
* Children as young
as 12 years of age were forcibly enrolled into the armed forces or
the Popular Defence Forces; street children were an easy target for
such recruitment. (CSUCS,
Africa Report, April 1999, citing Human Rights Watch, Children in
combat, HRW, New York, 1996; "Editorial", Voice of America, 4 January
1999)
* The minimum enlistment
age for the Popular Defence Forces (PDF), a militia under the control
of the army, is believed to be 16 years, but it has been reported
that younger children have been recruited. There are reports that
teenagers living in the camps for vagrant children are often conscripted
into the PDF. (CSUCS,
Africa Report, April 1999, citing J. Hule, "Sudanese pledge to assist
in locating abducted Ugandans", Panafrican News Agency, 26 June 1998)
* On April 29,
1998, Mubarak El-Mahdi, the Secretary-General of the opposition National
Democratic Alliance (NDA), delivered a speech in which he condemned
the practice of the Sudanese government of kidnapping school children
and forcing them to serve on the front lines. This appears, to corroborate
confidential reports that in Khartoum boys as young as 14 are recruited,
and it is claimed that these boys are normally from the South. (CSUCS,
Africa Report, April 1999, citing Sudan News & Views, Issue No. 29,
September/October 1997)
* In 1997, it has
been reported that security members gathered young people in the streets
for the PDF and that among them there were children not older than
15 years. Witnesses also said that school girls were parading in PDF's
uniforms in Khartoum and Damazine. (CSUCS,
Africa Report, April 1999, citing War Resisters' International, The
CONCODOC Project, 1998)
* Even after participating
in the family reunification programme launched by UNICEF in 1992, the Southern
Sudan Independence Movement/Army (SSIM/A) continued to recruit children
into its ranks as did the SPLA, which had not formally undertaken to cooperate
with UNICEF. (CSUCS,
Africa Report, April 1999, citing Human Rights Watch, Children of Sudan:
slaves, street children and child soldiers)
NOTES
ON OPPOSITION FORCES
*
In early 2001, the SPLA co-operated with UNICEF and other organisations
in the demobilisation of 3,200 child soldiers. The children were transported
from areas in SPLA-held Bahr El Ghazal to the SPLA controlled town of Rumbek
from 23 - 28 February, 2001. The SPLA have stated that there are 7,000
more child soldiers still to be demobilised. (CSUCS,
Global Report on Child Soldiers - 2001 citing Sudan Protests UNICEF Child
Soldier Airlift, CNN.com, 7/3/01)
* Armed opposition
groups, including the SPLA are known to have children in their ranks. (CSUCS,
Global Report on Child Soldiers - 2001)
* The Sudan
Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) has instructed all its commanders
in the field to demobilize all children under 18 years of age, according
to a BBC report on 23 October. The SPLA - the main rebel movement
in Southern Sudan further committed itself to stop recruiting child
soldiers. (CSUCS, Update 7, 7 November
2000)
* In 1994, Human
Rights Watch report noted that SPLA maintained large camps of boys
in Ethiopia and inducted these boys into battalions known as the
'Red Army'. (CSUCS,
Africa Report, April 1999)
|
| Domestic
Child Servants |
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* There are credible
reports that government and government-associated forces seized and sold
women for work as domestic servants. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* There are
reports of children working as unpaid domestic servants for households
in various parts of northern Sudan.
(UN Working Group
on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1996)
|
Other
Hazardous
Child Labour |
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
*
Children employed in factories at UM Ruwaba, including that produces edible
oils. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Camel Racing
- Anti-Slavery International received photographs taken in April
1997 in Qatar of young camel jockeys believed to have come from
Sudan. (CWA),
Anti-Slavery International – Urgent Action
on Child Labour, "Child Camel Jockeys in the Gulf States",
Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 & 3, April - September
1997)
|
|
