| Total
Child Labour |
NATIONAL STATISTICS
* For the year
2000, 79414 children between 10 -14 years and 738238 children between
15-19 were economically active. (ILO, Yearbook of
Labour Statistics, 2001)
* The national
statistical service reported in 1999 that nearly 2 million Peruvian
children are working in informal settings; this number was expected
to rise in 2000 because of the increase in school drop-out rates
that year. (ECPAT,
CSEC Database, http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/index.asp)
* For the year 2000,
the ILO projects that there will be 51,000 economically active children,
33,000 girls and 17,000 boys between the ages of 10-14, representing 1.80%
of this age group. (ILO, International Labour Office - Bureau of Statistics, Economically Active Population 1950-2010, STAT Working Paper, ILO 1997)
* The economically
active population between the ages of 6-14 years is 801,033. (ILO-IPEC,
El trabajo infantil en America Latina - CD-ROM, August 1999)
* On the national
level, 20.8% of those between the 6-17 years were employed. 11.6%
of the children between 6-11 years participated in the labor market
whereas those between 12-17 years, 30.3% were economically active.
(ILO-IPEC, Taller Latinoamericano
para la formación de estadísticos y diseño
de encuestas sobre trabajo infantil, Colombia, julio de 1998)
* Of the children
working, 32.8% (446,000) are from the urban areas whereas almost
twice as many, 67.2%, are from rural areas. (ILO-IPEC,
Taller Latinoamericano para la formación de estadísticos
y diseño de encuestas sobre trabajo infantil, Colombia, julio
de 1998)
* In Peru 1,359,100
children are economically active of which 774,500 (57%) are boys
and 584,600 (43%) are girls. (ILO-IPEC,
Taller Latinoamericano para la formación de estadísticos
y diseño de encuestas sobre trabajo infantil, Colombia, julio
de 1998)
* The government has variously estimated that there are between 500,000
to 1.9 million child labourers. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
* A 1996 government study found that 8% of the work force is between
the ages of 6-14. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
* 1.2 million children work to help support their families. Of this
some 500,000 are under the age of 14, while 700,000 are between the ages
of 15-17. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
* Of the 4.8
million children between the ages of 6-14 years, 196,000 (4.1%)
are child workers. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate
Child Labour, 1998, citing government estimates)
* 4.3 million
urban child workers are from 6-17 years old. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate
Child Labour, 1998, citing a 1995-96 survey an urban employment)
* There are an estimated 3,600,000 child labourers. (ICFTU,
No Time to Play, 1996, citing an NGO)
* There are 1 million working children between 6 and 14 years of age.
(ICFTU,
No Time to Play, 1996, citing the Ministry of Labour)
* In 1995, there
were 67,000 economically active children, 34,000 girls and 33,000 boys
between the ages of 10-14, representing 2.48% of this age group. (ILO, International Labour Office - Bureau of Statistics, Economically Active Population 1950-2010, STAT Working Paper, ILO 1997)
*
40% of child labourers work in the agricultural sector, 14% in domestic
service, 7% in the commercial sector, and 7% in manufacturing industry.
(ILO-IPEC, Francisco Verdera, El trabajo
infantil en el Peru, 1995, citing 1993 census)
LOCAL
STATISTICS
* There are an estimated
250,000 child workers in metropolitan Lima and 30% are under the age of
12 years. (ICFTU,
No Time to Play, 1996, citing UNICEF)
*
UNICEF estimates that there are 250,000 children working in downtown
Lima, Peru's capital city. Half of them work in the informal sector,
80% of these children are under 12 years old. (Canadian
Labour Congress, Challenging Child Labour, 1998)
* 150,000 children
are working in Lima. (ICFTU,
No Time to Play, 1996, citing government figures)
|
| Child
Slavery |
ADULT STATISTICS
*
Over 10-20 million people are subjected to debt-bondage largely in India,
Bolivia, Brazil, Peru and Philippines. (Debt
Bondage: The Challenge for the Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery,
submission to the UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June
1996)
GENERAL NOTES AND
OBSERVATIONS
* The report of the Commission of Experts points out 3
cases of forced labour in Peru. Unpaid work and explicit exploitation
of children in the nut-cracking industry of Puerto Maldonado; child
workers in mining, gold refining of Madre de Dios; and indigenous
communities of Atalaya where there is possible servitude of the entire
or part of the indigenous community. (ILO-IPEC, El trabajo infantil
en America Latina - CD-ROM, August 1999)
* Bonded child labour
exists in the informal gold mines of Madre de Dios.
(US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
|
| Child
Trafficking |
- |
| Child
Prostitution and Pornography |
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* 500,000 prostitutes are believed to be minors. (ILO-IPEC,
Mainstreaming Gender in IPEC Activities, 1999)
* It is estimated
that half of the 1 million prostitutes are in fact minors.
(US Dept of Labor, Prostitution of
Children, 1996)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Child prostitution continues to be a taboo subject,
and little research has been done about the phenomenon. (ECPAT,
CSEC Database, http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/index.asp)
|
| Children
in Crime |
GENERAL JUVENILE
CRIME STATISTICS
* In 1998 there
were 4,087 reported cases of juvenile crime, representing 7.55%
of all criminal cases. The specific offences were: 16 cases of murder
(2.05% of all murders), 421 cases of serious assault
(7.06% of all cases), 1,689 cases of all types of theft (10.24%
of all cases), 384 cases of aggravated theft (8.80% of all cases),
345 cases of robbery and violent theft (14.60% of all cases), 123
cases of breaking and entering (6.40% of all cases), 27 cases of
theft of motor cars (3.00% of all cases), 1,484 cases of other theft
(14.30% of all cases), 272 cases of fraud (4.00% of all cases),
4 cases of counterfeit currency offences (1.50% of all cases), 42
cases of drug offences (3.40% of all cases).
(INTERPOL, International Crime Statistics
for 1998, citing National
Statistics)
|
| Child
Soldiers |
COMBINED
NATIONAL STATISTICS
*
The total number of child soldiers is more than 2,100. (Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database)
GOVERNMENT FORCES STATISTICS
*
The number of child soldiers in the government armed forces is above 1,000.
(Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database, citing Rachel Brett and Margaret McCallin, Children:
The Invisible Soldiers, 1998)
RECRUITMENT
LAWS AND REGULATIONS
*
Although there is no conscription, young people of the age of 17
are required to present themselves to a Military Institute in order
to be evaluated. (CSUCS,
Global Report on Child Soldiers - 2001)
*
Despite the legal prohibition, forced recruitment, called leva, is widely
reported. Complaints have been made that minors under 18 years of age or
even children under 15 years of age have been conscripted in this way.
Other sources have even reported that children as young as 11 have been
forcibly recruited. (Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database)
COMBINED
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
*
There are child soldiers below 18 both among government and opposition
troops. (Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database)
NOTES
ON GOVERNMENT
FORCES
* A mission
of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights which reported
in June 2000 "was informed by experts that although legislation
establishes that registration for compulsory military service is
required from age 18, in recent years there have been many cases
of levies or forced recruitment of persons under 18 years of age
in several parts of the country, particularly in border areas or
rural areas of the interior." (CSUCS,
Global Report on Child Soldiers - 2001 citing Second Report on the
Situation of Human Rights in Peru, OEA/Ser.L/V/11.106, 2/6/00.)
* There are
indications of under-18s in government armed forces, including some
who have been forcibly recruited despite legislation to the contrary.
(CSUCS,
Global Report on Child Soldiers - 2001)
NOTES
ON OPPOSITION GROUPS
*
Most of the Shining Path rebels have stopped fighting but the Senedro Rojo
faction of the movement has increased its strength in certain parts of
the country, and is reportedly having children below 18. (Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database, citing Latinamerika, Sweden)
* Armed groups
used child soldiers extensively in past conflicts. (CSUCS,
Global Report on Child Soldiers - 2001)
NOTES
FROM PREVIOUS ARMED CONFLICTS
* One 14-year-old of Cenepa battalions killed in the war with Ecuador was
proclaimed a national hero. The recruitment of this adolescent has been
presented as 'voluntary' by officials, but other sources claim that he
was forcibly recruited. (Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database, citing CSUCS, Use of children as soldiers in
Latin America, May 1999)
* Complaints have been made that minors under 18 years of age or even children
under 15 years of age have been conscripted. (CSUCS,
Americas Report, July 1999, citing Defensoria del Pueblo, Informe
sobre levas y el Servicio Militar Obligatorio)
* Sources have
reported that children as young as 11 have been forcibly recruited.
(CSUCS,
Americas Report, July 1999, citing Rachel Brett and Margaret McCallin,
Children: The Invisible Soldiers, 1998)
* Some of the Movement Revolucionario Tupac Amaru (MRTA) soldiers are
children between ages 11 and 15, who were kidnapped from small towns and
taken into the jungle for indoctrination and training. (Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database, citing Salt Lake Tribune, 12 January 1997)
* Shining Path allegedly has one of the largest female contingent of any
armed groups in the world. There is also evidence that boys and girls
over the age of 9 years, from poor peasant backgrounds, have been
recruited, indoctrinated, received military training and have often
been compelled to perpetrate atrocities. (CSUCS,
Americas Report, July 1999, citing War Resisters' International, The
CONCODOC Project, 1998)
* The senderistas who attacked San Miguel, the capital of La Mar province,
in 1997 were between the ages of 14 and 16 years. (CSUCS,
Americas Report, July 1999, citing "Foreign special operations forces",
Special Warfare, Vol. 12, No. 1, Winter 1999)
* The Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Amaru (MRTA) has been recruiting children
and adolescents by force. Some MRTA soldiers are children between
the ages of 11 and 15 who were kidnapped from small towns and taken
into the jungle for indoctrination and training. (CSUCS,
Americas Report, July 1999, citing Salt Lake Tribune, 12 January 1997,
quoted by Rädda Barnen, Children of War, No. 1, 1997)
* Children are forced to join armed bands. (UNICEF, State of the World's
Children, 1996)
* Paramilitary government forces the use children below 15 years of
age to fight against insurgent groups. (Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database, citing the Machal study)
* Before 1992, Shining
Path is believed to have forcibly recruited several thousand children from
indigenous communities in areas under their control. (Rädda
Barnen, Childwar database, citing Rachel Brett and Margaret McCallin, Children:
The Invisible Soldiers, 1998)
|
| Domestic
Child Servants |
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* 22.7% of domestic workers are children. (ILO-IPEC,
Francisco Verdera, El trabajo infantil en el Peru, 1995)
*
There are an estimated 13,263 child domestic workers.
(ICFTU,
No Time to Play, 1996, citing 1987 Census)
LOCAL STATISTICS
*
In Lima, the number of domestic workers under 18 years of age is
estimated at 150,000. (UNICEF
Innocenti Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999, citing ILO, Because
They're Girls, 1997)
ADULT
STATISTICS
* 1.5 million live-in
maids are sexually abused. (MHRD/UNICEF, Report on Trafficking of
Children for Prostitution,1998)
* A survey in Lima
found that 60% of men in households with domestic workers had their first
sexual encounter with a domestic worker.
(UNICEF Innocenti Digest on Child Domestic
Work, May 1999, citing ILO, Because They're Girls, 1997)
|
Other
Hazardous
Child Labour |
GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children are employed
in various sectors of the economy, in gold mining in Ayacucho Auguipa,
in cultivation of cocoa leaves, in the narco-trafficking, in cultivation
of rice and coffee, rag-picking and waste recycling, fishing, and packaging
in markets in El Agustino and la Victoria, Lima.
(ILO-IPEC, Francisco Verdera, El trabajo
infantil en el Peru, 1995)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Brick Kilns - The brick kilns employ child labour on a significant scale.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Brick Kilns - Brick kiln workers are localised in Huachipa.
The Street Educational Programme(INABIF) that works in the zone,
estimates 1,000 children associated with family labour. (ILO-IPEC,
Francisco Verdera, El trabajo infantil en el Peru, 1995)
* Cart Pullers - Some 200 children are estimated as cart pullers in the
two main markets of the metropolitan Lima. (ILO-IPEC, Francisco Verdera,
El trabajo infantil en el Peru, 1995)
* Fireworks Industry - Children are employed in the production
of fire crackers. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate
Child Labour, 1998)
* Mining and Quarrying
- In the Carabayllo district, Lima, due to the tough living conditions,
the children are forced to work in the stone quarries.
(ILO-IPEC, El trabajo infantil en America Latina - CD-ROM, August
1999)
* Mining and Quarrying - Children are involved in gold mining
in the Nasca Ocena zone of south Peru. (ILO,
Small-scale Mines, 1999, citing Trabajo infantil en el centro minero
artisanal de mollehuaca)
* Mining and Quarrying
- Child labourers were pressed into service through a recruitment system
known as 'enganche.' Under this system, the children are provided free
transportation to the mines and allegedly agree to work for at least 90
days before being paid. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Mining and Quarrying - In the informal gold
mines many workers are under age 15, and some as young as 11. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Mining and Quarrying - There are a total of 500 child labourers
in gold mining in Madre de Dios. 20% of the minors are between 11-18
years. (ILO-IPEC, Francisco Verdera,
El trabajo infantil en el Peru, 1995)
* Scavenging - An estimated 800 children sell trash . (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate
Child Labour, 1998)
* Shrimp Farming
- Children spend long hours submerged in the sea, extracting shrimp
larvae for cultivation and eventual export.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate
Child Labour, 1998)
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