| Total
Child Labour |
NATIONAL STATISTICS
* Statistics shows
that of about 7 million children between 5-14 years old working in
Nepal, about 3 million are found to be regularly working and 1.7 million
children are found to be economically active. ("Nepal,
ILO Sign Agreement to Eliminate Child Labor", Xinhua: Comtex, 8/9/2000)
* For the year 2000, the
ILO projects that there will be 1,277,000 economically active children,
553,000 girls and 724,000 boys between the ages of 10-14, representing
42.07% of this age group.
(ILO, International Labour Office - Bureau of Statistics, Economically Active Population 1950-2010, STAT Working Paper, ILO 1997)
* Almost two fifths children
of school-going age are economically active. (ILO-IPEC,
Child Bonded Labour: Nepal, September 1999)
* The number of child
labourers is estimated at around 2,060,000 where about, 94.7% are
involved in agriculture and household work and the remaining 5% are
engaged in service and manufacturing industries. For every 100 children
in the 6-14 years age group, 4-5 are engaged in paid work. (ILO-IPEC,
Country Paper: Nepal, September 1999)
* CWCD in 1998
found that 71% of rural, 52% of urban and 63% of Kamaiya children
are economically active. (National
Plan of Action Against Child Bonded Labour, Nepal)
* According to the ILO-sponsored
national survey, of the 6.2 million children between the ages of 5-14
years, 2,596,000 are child workers, which forms 41.7% of this age
group. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child
Labour, 1998)
* Of 2.59 million
working children, 278,000 or 4.5% of all Nepali children are in paid
work and 1.38 million or 22.2% of all children are in unpaid work.
(Central
Department of Population Studies of Tribhuvan University and ILO-IPEC,
Child Labour Situation in Nepal, October 1998)
* Of all children
aged 10-14 years, about 40.8% are economically active. The corresponding
figure for the 5-9 age group is 12.5%. (Central
Department of Population Studies and ILO-IPEC, Child Labour Situation
in Nepal, October 1998)
* About 1.7 million
children in Nepal are estimated to be involved in economic activities.
(Central
Department of Population Studies and ILO-IPEC, Child Labour Situation
in Nepal, October 1998)
* About 70% of
the economically active children are between 10-14 years old. (Central
Department of Population Studies and ILO-IPEC, Child Labour Situation
in Nepal, October 1998)
* About 95% (1.58
million) of the economically active children in rural areas perform
agriculture related work, in comparison to 78.5% in urban areas. Some
1.6% (27,000) of economically active children work as service workers.
5.3% (87,000) are involved in non-agricultural work. 1.6% (26,000)
are in construction, transportation and communication. Children who
work as general technical workers constitute 0.8% (14,000). Another
0.8% work as production workers and 0.4% as sales workers.
(Central
Department of Population Studies and ILO-IPEC, Child Labour Situation
in Nepal, October 1998)
* According to Tribhuvan
University estimates there were 261,000 children working for wages
in Nepal in 1997. (ILO-IPEC,
Child Bonded Labour: Nepal, September 1999)
* According to
recent statistics availed by CBS (1996), of total wage earners in
the country, about 4% belong to the 10-14 age group. (National
Plan of Action Against Child Bonded Labour, Nepal)
* Of Nepal's 2,596,000
working children between the ages of 5-14 years, 2,407,000 are non-migrant
and 162,000 are migrant. (ILO-SIMPOC,
Migration of Working Children in Nepal, December 1997, citing Report
from Migration and Employment Survey, 1995-1996)
* It is estimated that
migrant child labourers, those who moved due to economic reasons and
those who moved due to non-economic reasons but were working in economic
activities before and after migration, number about 120,000, of which
68,000 were boys and 51,000 girls. Of the total children aged 5-17
years, migrant child labourers constituted 1.58%. The corresponding
proportions for male and female are 1.77 and 1.39% respectively. (ILO-SIMPOC,
Migration of Working Children in Nepal, December 1997, citing Report
from Migration and Employment Survey, 1995-1996)
* Rural areas overwhelmingly
dominate urban areas in terms of migrations of child labourers who
move for economic reasons. Of the 80,000 migrant child labourers who
migrated for economic reasons, 76,000 (1.12% of all children) moved
from rural areas and 3,000 (0.048% of all children) moved from urban
areas. (ILO-SIMPOC,
Migration of Working Children in Nepal, December 1997, citing Report
from Migration and Employment Survey, 1995-1996)
* In 1995, there
were 1,200,000 economically active children, 521,000 girls and 678,000
boys between the ages of 10-14, representing 45.21% of this age group.
(ILO, International Labour Office - Bureau of Statistics, Economically Active Population 1950-2010, STAT Working Paper, ILO 1997)
*
Based on the 1991 Census, there were 531,835 economically active
children between 10-14 years of age, or 22.85% of the total age
group. (ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Nepal, October
1998, citing the 1991 Census)
LOCAL
STATISTICS
*
According to a study by CWIN, about 62,000 children are working in urban
areas among whom 20,000 are in Kathmandu Valley. 50% of these child workers
are below 14 years. (ILO-IPEC,
Country Paper: Nepal, September 1999)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Up to half of all children
work, mostly in agriculture. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* 473,492 children
between 10-14 years working in the agricultural sector. (ILO-IPEC,
Trafficking in Children and their Exploitation in Prostitution in
Nepal)
|
| Child
Slavery |
NATIONAL STATISTICS
* The number of
bonded children is estimated as 33,000.
(ILO-IPEC,
Child Bonded Labour: Nepal, September 1999)
* 40,000 children
are estimated to be in debt-bondage.
(ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Nepal, October
1998, citing CWIN)
* 40,000 Nepalese
girls under 16 in Indian brothels are forced into prostitution.
(Penelope
Saunders, "Sexual Trafficking and Forced Prostitution of Children",
29 October 1998)
*
More than 9,000 girls are trafficked each year from Nepal and Bangladesh
into bondage in India and Pakistan, often with the acquiescence
or cooperation of state officials.
(CATW
Fact Book, citing Amnesty International press release, 22 April
1998)
* It is estimated
that at least 1 million children in Nepal are working as child labourers
in difficult circumstances, often as slaves in carpet factories, brick
kilns, domestic service, agriculture, plantation, construction, transportation,
stone quarry, mines and as migrant workers.
(CWIN,
Gauri Pradhan, State of the Rights of the Child in Nepal, 1998)
* Available data
suggests that approximately 7,000 girls between 10 -18 are lured or
abducted into prostitution each year. In many cases, parents or relatives
sell young girls into sexual slavery.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
*
Among the Kamaiya families the number of children working under
the system is reported to be about 13,000.
(National
Plan of Action Against Child Bonded Labour, Nepal)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children are
bound to work in brick kilns, carpet or garment factories.
(ILO-IPEC, Country Paper: Nepal, September
1999)
*
The system of bonded labour (Kamaiya) is predominant in four districts
of western Nepal. (ILO-IPEC,
Country Paper: Nepal, September 1999)
*
The Kamaiya system has recently been abolished.
(GMIS, 1 November 2000)
* Forced child
labour exists in many sectors of the economy.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Children employed
in carpet factories in India are believed to be working under slave
like conditions. Nepalese children who have experience in weaving
Nepalese carpets are in demand in India.
(CWA,
Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN), "Nepal-India Cross Border Child
Labour Migration", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 &
3, April - September 1997)
|
| Child
Trafficking |
NATIONAL STATISTICS
* The study
findings estimated that 12,000 children are trafficked every year
from Nepal. (ILO-IPEC,
Bal Kumar KC et all, Nepal, Trafficking in Girls with Special Reference
to Prostitution: A Rapid Assessment, Geneva, November 2001)
* The trafficking
of children is a considerable problem. While accurate numbers are
not available, it is estimated that 5000-7000 Nepalese girls are
annually trafficked out of Nepal to India, and increasingly, to
the Gulf States for prostitution purposes.(ECPAT,
CSEC Database, http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/index.asp)
* As an illustration, it is believed that 200,000 of the prostitutes
in India are Nepalese. 20% are thought to be under 16. (ECPAT,
CSEC Database, http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/index.asp)
* A survey by the Central Social
Welfare Board indicated that the population of Nepalese women and child victims
of commercial sexual exploitation in Indian brothels would be between 70,000 to
100,000 of which 30% were below 18. (ILO-IPEC,
Country Report: Nepal, October 1998)
* The number of Nepalese girls
and women engaged in prostitution in Calcutta exceeds 27,000, in Delhi it is more
than 21,000, in Gorakhpur it is 4,700 and in Banaras it is 3,480.
(ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Nepal, October 1998)
* In Bombay, India, at least
half of the city's 100,000 prostitutes are believed to be Nepalese girls.
(ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Nepal, October 1998)
* More than 9,000 girls are
trafficked each year from Nepal and Bangladesh into bondage in India and Pakistan,
often with the acquiescence or cooperation of state officials.
(CATW
Fact Book, citing Amnesty International press release, 22 April 1998)
*
Half of 100,000 girl prostitutes between 10-14 in Bombay are from
Nepal and are kept in brothels against their will.
(Penelope Saunders, "Sexual Trafficking
and Forced Prostitution of Children", 29 October 1998)
*
CWIN's studies have revealed that Nepalese children are involved
in different labour sectors in India. Most prominent is the carpet
industry. CWIN estimates that there are 5,000-7,000 children working
in Bhadohi and Mirzapur in Benaras district bordering Nepal.
(CWA,
Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN), "Nepal-India Cross Border Child
Labour Migration", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 &
3, April - September 1997)
* 15,000 Nepalese women and 19,000 children are kidnapped, lured,
trafficked and sold into different cities of India. (Lawyers
for Human Rights and Legal Action, The Flesh Trade Report, 1995-1996)
* An
estimated 40,000 to 45,000 of these girls are in Bombay brothels
and also nearly an equal number of them are in Calcutta.
(Lawyers for Human Rights and Legal
Action, The Flesh Trade Report, 1995-1996)
*
In Calcutta, in various studies conducted by the All India Institute
of Hygiene and Public Health in 1993 estimate that 20% of the 5,000
sex workers in the Sonagachi red light area are Nepalese.
(Human
Rights Watch/Asia, Rape and Profit, June 1995)
ADULT
STATISTICS
* 20%-30% of commercial
sex workers in India have been trafficked from Nepal.
(World
Vision, David Westwood, Child Trafficking in Asia, 1998)
* 2.5% of prostitutes
in India are Nepalese. (CATW
Fact Book, citing "Devadasi System Continues to Legitimise Prostitution:
The Devadasi Tradition and Prostitution", Times of India, 4 December
1997)
* Approximately
50,000, or half of the women in prostitution in Bombay, are trafficked
from Nepal. (CATW
Fact Book, citing Robert I. Freidman, "India's Shame: Sexual Slavery
and Political Corruption Are Leading to an AIDS Catastrophe", The
Nation, 8 April 1996)
*
160,000 Nepalese women are held in India's brothels.
(CATW
Fact Book, citing SANLAAP India, Indrani Sinha, "Paper on Globalization
& Human Rights")
*
5,000 Nepalese women are trafficked into India yearly. There are
now 100,000 Nepalese women in India in prostitution.
(CATW-Asia
Pacific, Trafficking in Women and Prostitution in the Asia Pacific,
1996)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Nepal is a
source country for internationally trafficked women and children.
(US Dept. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, July 12, 2001)
* Poor, uneducated young women from Nepal's rural regions are trafficked
to India to work as prostitutes and for bonded labour. Nepalese
citizens also are trafficked to Hong Kong, Thailand, and countries
in the Middle East. Government officials suspect that organised
crime groups and "marriage brokers" are the primary traffickers
in Nepal and state that parents and other relatives of trafficking
victims are sometimes complicit. (US
Dept. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, July 12, 2001)
*
Nepalese girls as young as 11 years are trafficked into India to work as
prostitutes.(Will Dunham, "U.S. grapples with 'modern-day
slavery'", 1 September 2000, reprinted in Stop Trafficking Archive, September
2000)
* Nepalese, Bangladeshi
and Pakistani women are trafficked to India, and through India they
are trafficked to Eastern Europe and Saudi Arabia.
(CATW
Fact Book, citing Meena Oudel, Oxfam Nepal, 18 March 1998)
* Notorious in
their own right for appalling working conditions, Nepalese carpet
factories, where 50% of the workers are estimated to be children,
are common sites of sexual exploitation by employers as well as recruitment
centres for Indian brothels. (UNICEF,
State of the World's Children, 1997)
* The trafficking
of girls from Nepal into India for the purpose of prostitution is
probably the busiest 'slave traffic' of its kind anywhere in the world.
(CATW
Fact Book, citing Tim McGirk, "Nepal's Lost Daughters", 27 January
1997)
* Hong Kong is
the second biggest market for trafficked Nepalese women.
(CATW-Asia
Pacific, Trafficking in Women and Prostitution in the Asia Pacific,
1996)
* The problem of
sale and trafficking of children, especially girls is rampant.
(UN
CRC, Concluding observations on Nepal, 1996)
* In cross-border
trafficking, India is a sending, receiving and transit nation. Receiving
children from Bangladesh and Nepal and sending women and children
to Middle Eastern nations is a daily occurrence. (CATW
Fact Book, citing SANLAAP India, Indrani Sinha, "Paper on Globalisation
and Human Rights")
|
| Child
Prostitution and
Pornography |
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* In Nepal,
between 5,000 and 7,000 girls are believed to be trafficked every
year across the border to neighbouring countries. (UNICEF,
Progress of Nations 2000, New York, 2000)
* About 200,000
girls are involved in prostitution. Among them, 25,000 are living
in Kathmandu and the rest are supposed to be living in big cities
of India. (ILO-IPEC,
Country Paper: Nepal, September 1999)
*
A survey by the Central Social Welfare Board indicated that the population
of Nepalese women and child victims of commercial sexual exploitation
in Indian brothels would be between 70,000 to 100,000 of which 30%
were below 18 years. (ILO-IPEC,
Country Report: Nepal, October 1998)
*
Every year around 10,000 Nepalese girls, most between the age of nine
and 16, are sold to brothels in India.
(CATW
Fact Book, citing Tim McGirk, "Nepal's Lost Daughters", 27 January
1997)
*
20% of 25,000 commercial sex workers are below 16 years.
(ILO, Fighting Child Labour at National
Level: Action in Nepal, citing UNICEF)
LOCAL
STATISTICS
*
Half of 100,000 girl prostitutes between 10-14 in Bombay are from
Nepal and are kept in brothels against their will.
(Penelope Saunders, "Sexual Trafficking
and Forced Prostitution of Children", 29 October 1998)
*
In Bombay, India, at least half of the city's 100,000 prostitutes are believed
to be Nepalese girls. (ILO-IPEC,
Country Report: Nepal, October 1998)
* According to
UNICEF there are 1,000 children in the sex trade in Kathmandu.
(ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Nepal, October
1998)
* A survey done
in Kathmandu on 52 commercial sex workers by the Department of Research
and Planning suggests that out of the total commercial sex workers
surveyed, 13% were between 13-17 years.
(ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Nepal, October
1998)
* The number of
Nepalese girls and women engaged in prostitution in Calcutta exceeds
27,000, in Delhi it is more than 21,000, in Gorakhpur it is 4,700
and in Banaras it is 3,480. (ILO-IPEC,
Country Report: Nepal, October 1998)
* Thousands of
girls are trafficked to urban areas to practice prostitution.
(Lawyers for Human Rights and Legal
Action, The Flesh Trade Report, 1995-1996)
*
About 45,000 Nepalese girls are in the brothels of Bombay and 40,000
in Calcutta. (CATW
Fact Book, citing UBINIG, Trafficking in Women and Children: The
Cases of Bangladesh, 1995, citing women's groups in Nepal)
ADULT
STATISTICS
*
20%-30% of commercial sex workers in India have been trafficked
from Nepal. (World
Vision, David Westwood, Child Trafficking in Asia, 1998)
*
2.5% of prostitutes in India are Nepalese.
(CATW
Fact Book, citing "Devadasi System Continues to Legitimise Prostitution:
The Devadasi Tradition and Prostitution", Times of India, 4 December
1997)
* 7,000 Nepalese
women and girls are trafficked for prostitution to the Asia Pacific
area. (CATW
Fact Book, citing CATW-Asia Pacific and Philippine Women's Groups,
4th International Congress on AIDS in the Asia Pacific, 29 October
1997)
* Approximately
50,000, or half of the women in prostitution in Bombay, are trafficked
from Nepal. (CATW
Fact Book, citing Robert I. Freidman, "India's Shame: Sexual Slavery
and Political Corruption Are Leading to an AIDS Catastrophe", The
Nation, 8 April 1996)
* 5,000 Nepalese
women are trafficked into India yearly. There are now 100,000 Nepalese
women in India in prostitution. (CATW-Asia
Pacific, Trafficking in Women and Prostitution in the Asia Pacific,
1996)
* In Calcutta,
various studies conducted by the All India Institute of Hygiene and
Public Health in 1993 estimate that 20% of the 5,000 sex workers in
the Sonagachi red-light area are Nepalese.
(Human
Rights Watch/Asia, Rape and Profit, June 1995)
*
160,000 Nepalese women are held in India's brothels. (CATW
Fact Book, citing SANLAAP India, Indrani Sinha, "Paper on Globalization
& Human Rights")
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* The NGO CWIN
alleges that 2000 brothels exist in Nepal and a high percentage
of the prostitutes working were children. (ECPAT,
CSEC Database, http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/index.asp)
* Nepal is a source country for internationally
trafficked women and children. (US
Dept. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, July 12, 2001)
* Poor, uneducated young women from Nepal's rural regions are trafficked
to India to work as prostitutes and for bonded labour. Nepalese
citizens also are trafficked to Hong Kong, Thailand, and countries
in the Middle East. Government officials suspect that organised
crime groups and "marriage brokers" are the primary traffickers
in Nepal and state that parents and other relatives of trafficking
victims are sometimes complicit. (US
Dept. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, July 12, 2001)
* Nepalese girls
as young as 11 years are trafficked into India to work as prostitutes.
(Will Dunham, "U.S. grapples with
'modern-day slavery'", 1 September 2000, reprinted in Stop Trafficking
Archive, September 2000)
* Notorious in
their own right for appalling working conditions, Nepalese carpet
factories, where 50% of the workers are estimated to be children,
are common sites of sexual exploitation by employers, as well as
recruitment centres for Indian brothels.
(UNICEF,
State of the World's Children, 1997)
*
The trafficking of girls from Nepal into India for the purpose of
prostitution is probably the busiest 'slave traffic' of its kind
anywhere in the world. (CATW
Fact Book, citing Tim McGirk, "Nepal's Lost Daughters", 27 January
1997)
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