Other Hazardous Child Labour

 

Country Hazardous Child Labour Afghanistan GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children between 6 and 14 years of age, often work to support their families by collecting paper and firewood, shining shoes, begging or collecting scrap metal from the street debris in the cities. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Albania ASSORTED STATISTICS * Around 300 children are on the streets of Tirana selling cigarettes, sweets etc. (CRCA, Dr. Aurela Pano, Albanian Children and Children's Rights in Albania, 04/11/1999) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - In Tirana and other cities, it is common to see children selling cigarettes and other items on the street. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Begging - Within the country, Romani children often work as beggars. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Algeria SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - Economic necessity compels many children to resort to informal employment, such as street vending. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Andorra - Angola LOCAL STATISTICS * The UNICEF in 1998 estimated that there were approximately 5,000 street children in Luanda. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001 citing UNICEF) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Street children shine shoes, wash cars, and carry water, but many resort to petty crime, begging, and prostitution in order to survive. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) Antigua and Barbuda - Argentina SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - In a 1997 report, UNICEF stated that of 252,000 children between the ages of 6 and 14, 68,500 employed in the rural areas, principally harvesting tea and tobacco. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Mechanic Workshops - Of the 400 workers in mechanic workshop in the city of Santiago of Esteco, 10% are below 14 years. (ILO-IPEC, El trabajo infantil en Argentina, 1994) * Street Children - A study by UNICEF speculates the existence of some 30,000 street children in the urban centres of the country. (ILO-IPEC, El trabajo infantil en Argentina, 1994) Armenia SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - Street children remain a significant problem. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Australia ASSORTED STATISTICS * Children are working in horrific conditions and more than 1,600 child workers being seriously injured or maimed each year. ("Aussie sweatshops using child labour", The Straits Times, 27 October, 1998, citing a joint investigation by The Sydney Morning Herald and The Age newspapers) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Chimney Sweeping - It is still legal to send young children up the chimneys in New South Wales and in Victoria, and to put children as young as 7 to work for eight hours between 6.00 am and 11.00 pm, as long as a permit has been obtained. (Phil Gardner, "Child labour: A growth industry of the 1990s", World Socialist Web Site, 21 November 1998) * Garment Manufacturing - Several children were discovered in clothing sweatshops in Sydney and Melbourne. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1999) * Garment Manufacturing - An estimated 70,000 children working up to 20 hours or more a week in backyard sweatshops in the clothing industry, exposed to hazards. ("Aussie sweatshops using child labour", The Straits Times, Singapore, 27 October 1998) * Garment Manufacturing - The Textile Clothing and Footwear Union estimates that 82,500 children under 16 years of age are now working in the clothing industry, usually at home alongside their parents, out of a total workforce of 329 000. (Phil Gardner, "Child labour : A growth industry of the 1990s", World Socialist Web Site, 21 November 1998) * Garment Manufacturing - Some 36,000 children are toiling in the backyard garment industry in Victoria. (Phil Gardner, "Child labour : A growth industry of the 1990s", World Socialist Web Site, 21 November 1998) * Retail Sector - A major sector where children are employed in large number is the retail industry. (Phil Gardner, "Child labour : A growth industry of the 1990s", World Socialist Web Site, 21 November 1998) Austria - Azerbaijan SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - Children beg on the streets of Baku and other towns. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Bahamas - Bahrain GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Some children work in the market areas as car washers and porters. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Bangladesh NATIONAL STATISTICS * A research report conducted in six divisional cities shows that children are involved in 430 types of economic activities and 67 activities out of them are hazardous. Thirty (30) organizations are proving different services to 11,15,725 children in six divisions. (BSAF, Situation of Child Labor Report - 2001) ASSORTED STATISTICS * The government of Bangladesh performed a survey of 1,821 factories and found that half of them employed children. In these factories, 10,500 children were working and 40% of the children were between the ages of 10 and 12. (UNICEF, State of the World's Children, 1997) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children drive rickshaws, break bricks at construction sites, carry fruit, vegetables, and dry goods for shoppers at markets, work at tea stalls, and work as beachcombers in the shrimp industry. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 2000) * Children are labouring in garment factories and engineering workshops, in the construction sector, as bus or tempo (three-wheeler transport) helpers, in the bidi factories, as roadside restaurant workers and street vendors and in tea plantations and other agricultural sectors. (Nishanthi Priyangika, "Child labour on the increase in Bangladesh", World Socialist Web Site, 3/11/1999) * There are some 40 industries in Bangladesh, which use child labour, often under hazardous conditions and with little regard for health and safety. (Nishanthi Priyangika, "Child labour on the increase in Bangladesh", World Socialist Web Site, 3/11/1999, citing UNICEF's Asian Child Labour Report, 1999) * In urban areas, around 43% of child workers are day labourers, in a wide range of occupations including construction, manufacturing, factory, hotel/restaurant and domestic work. (An Alternative Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, submission to the UN CRC, 1997) * Children work in chemical, metal factories. (ICFTU, No Time to Play, 1996) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - Increasing children found begging have come to Thailand from countries like Cambodia, Burma and Bangladesh. These children are usually between 6-10, years who have either travelled to Thailand on their own or were brought by beggar gangs and agents. (ILO-IPEC, Children in Prostitution, Pornography and Illicit Activities, September 1999) * Bidi Industry - The children are forced to engage themselves in bidi production at early age of their life. The average entry level of age is 7.66. The average age of entry level of male and female children in bidi producing is 7.79 and 7.55 years respectively. (ILO, Md. Omar Farrukh, Report on Child Labour in Bidi Industry in Rangpur District, June 2001) * Bidi Industry - The total number of bidi labour in the survey area in 26,982; of them 15544 is child labour. This indicates that about 58% of the total work force is children while remaining 42% are adult workers engaged in the process of bidi production. 7,413 male and 8,131 female. (ILO, Md. Omar Farrukh, Report on Child Labour in Bidi Industry in Rangpur District, June 2001) * Bidi Rolling - Many children work in the bidi (hand-rolled cigarette) industry. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Camel Jockey - Some children are also trafficked to the Middle East to work as camel jockeys. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Camel Jockey - Bangladeshi children are used as camel jockeys, a cruel and dangerous 'sport' popular on the Arabian Peninsula. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Camel Jockey - Possibly about 50 to 100 boys, aged about 8 to 15, some even younger, are being trafficked from Bangladesh to the Gulf countries for use as drivers for camel races. Offering sexual favours is a secondary activity in most instances. (CWA, Brother Jarlath de Souza, "Trafficking in Children: Bangladesh", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 12, No. 3, July - September 1996) * Construction - 30% of construction workers are minors. (ICFTU, No Time to Play, 1996) * Shrimp Farming - Children involved in collecting shrimp fry shrimp larvae. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998, citing Grameen Trust, "Effects of Shrimp Fry Collection on Primary Education", 1995) . * Leather Tanning - Virtually all of the 300 leather tanneries in Dhaka, employed young boys. (Nishanthi Priyangika, "Child labour on the increase in Bangladesh", World Socialist Web Site, 3/11/1999, citing a study by Professor A.J. Weeramunda of the University of Colombo) * Leather Tanning - Children under 18 years sometimes work in hazardous circumstances in the leather industry. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Barbados - Belarus - Belgium - Belize SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - In rural areas, children are reported to be involved in agriculture-they work in the sugarcane, citrus, banana and rice industries. (ILO Caribbean Office, Country Profile: Belize, February 1999) * Street Children - The police and the Department of Women's Affairs both estimate that there are just over 100 street children. (ILO Caribbean Office, Country Profile: Belize, February 1999) * Street Vending - Growing number of children can be seen selling newspapers, snacks and other items on the street. (ILO Caribbean Office, Country Profile: Belize, February 1999)   Benin   SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - Children commonly work as street vendors. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * In February one report estimated that 75% of apprentices working as seamstresses, hairdressers, carpenters, and mechanics were younger than 15 years of age. Most of these apprentices are also under the legal age of 14 for apprenticeship. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) Bhutan SPECIFIC SECTORS * Construction - A UNICEF study suggested that children as young as 11 are sometimes employed with road-building teams. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Bolivia GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Urban children sell goods, shine shoes, and assist transport operators. Rural children often work with parents from an early age. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Practices of child apprenticeship and agricultural servitude by indigenous workers exist in the country. Some rural indigenous workers are kept in a state of virtual slavery by employers. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Bosnia and Herzegovina SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - There have been credible but unconfirmed reports that children are trafficked to work in begging rings. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) Botswana - Brazil ASSORTED STATISTICS * The government estimates that 60,000 children work in unhealthy conditions. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * About 7,860 children and adolescents in eight cities in Rio de Janeiro are working in painful and unhealthy conditions according to ILO. (Child Labour in Brazil, 10 August 1998) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Many children are forced by economic necessity to work alongside their parents in cane fields, cutting hemp, or feeding wood into charcoal ovens; frequent accidents, unhealthy working conditions, and squalor are common in these cases. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Children work in industries, like leather processing, gold and tin mining, distilleries, plastics, and on tea plantations. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Child labour exists in wood pulp, handicrafts, electronic, leather processing and gold mining industries. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - Many children beg on the streets of cities. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Charcoal Production - There is forced child labour/debt-bonded child labour in the charcoal industry. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Anti-Slavery International, Alison Sulton, Slavery in Brazil, 1994) * Commercial Agriculture - Sugar cane growers illegally employ children and adolescents ranging from 7 to 17 years of age, many cutting cane with machetes. The charcoal industry, hemp cultivators in the northeast, and orange growers are using illegal child labour. Children also perform various tasks in the mining and logging industries in the Amazon region. In addition, although both the Government and the industry have made strong efforts to eliminate it, there is still some child labour in the shoe industry. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Commercial Agriculture - In Brazil's tea plantations, children can be found working from the age of seven. (ABC-CLIO, Sandy Hobbs et al, Child Labor: A World History Companion, 1999) * Commercial Agriculture - Considerable numbers of children work under conditions approximating forced labour or debt-bondage on plantations. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Commercial Agriculture - A report published by the Sergipe state government in 1997 stated that 10,000 children and adolescents between the age of 6 and 18 were part of the labour force in the orange-growing region, with 54 % between the ages of 7 and 14. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Commercial Agriculture - An estimated 3 million children are engaged in the plantations. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Agricultural Imports & Forced and Bonded Child Labour, 1995) * Commercial Agriculture - 10% of 15,000 are under 18 in the municipality of Sertaozinho in the Sugar Cane Plantations. (ICFTU, No Time to Play, 1996) * Commercial Agriculture - In the state of Pernambuco, nearly 54,000 children between 7 and 13 work in sugar cane fields. (SEJUP website, citing Folha de Sao Paulo)   * Commercial Agriculture - 150,000 children are employed in orange harvesting. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998) * Footwear Manufacturing - Of the 7,000 persons working in the sub-contracting of shoe parts, 1,300 were children under the legal age of 14. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing CIA, World Fact Book, 1993) * Footwear Manufacturing - Child Labour is rampant in home-based and sub-contracting operations in Brazil's two major footwear producing regions. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997) * Garment Manufacturing - More than half of the children under the age of 14 are employed in the clothing and textile industry as weavers who sometimes operate heavy industrial machinery. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing "Child labour accounts for 18% of work force", AP, 2 January 1994) * Mining and Quarrying - Considerable numbers of children work under conditions approximating forced labour or debt-bondage in the mining industry. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Mining and Quarrying - Of the 3,500 people working in tin-ore mine in the state of Rondonia States, 600 were children. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing report by the Brazilian National Department for Mineral Production) * Scavenging - UNICEF estimates that 50,000 children pick through trash dumps to generate income for their families. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2001, March 2002) * Street Children - There are no reliable figures on the number of street children and child beggars nationwide, but a conservative estimate states that there are 30,000 in Rio de Janeiro and 12,000 in Sao Paulo. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Street Children - In Sao Paulo, NGOs aiding street children estimated that some 12,000 children roam the streets by day, and about 3,000 to 5,000 of them live permanently on the streets. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Brunei Darussalam - Bulgaria GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Bulgarian street children work in begging, waste material collection, prostitution, theft and other odd jobs. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) Burkina Faso GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * A study has shown that children are trafficked from Togo to Burkina Faso for use as market traders and child beggars. (WAO-Afrique, Child Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - A study has shown that children are trafficked from Togo to Burkina Faso for use as domestic servants, market traders, child beggars and prostitutes. (WAO-Afrique, Child Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999) * Mining and Quarrying - Children working in small scale gold mines. (ILO, Small-scale Mines, 1999, citing unpublished ILO-IPEC Survey of Child Workers in Small-scale Gold Mining, 1998) Burma (Myanmar) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * In the urban informal sector, child workers are found mostly in food processing, selling, refuse collecting, light manufacturing, and as tea shop attendants. According to government statistics, 6% of urban children work, but only 4% of those earn wages. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Exploitative and dangerous forms of child labour had been widely reported, including work on infrastructure development projects, in military support operations, and in the sex industry. (US Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000) * The Special Rapporteur also noted that children were often forced to work on military bases constructing or maintaining barracks, bunkers or fences, or performing menial tasks such as cleaning, weeding, and fetching firewood and water. (US Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000) * Hundreds of cases in which forced labour was exacted during August 1998-May 1999 for portering, military camp work, sentry duty, and other support work for the military all over Kayin (Karen) State, Kayah State, Pegu Division, Arakan State, Shan State, Chin State and Tanintharyi (Tenasserim) Division. The cases include allegations that women and children were used as human mine sweepers and shields. (US Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000) * In 1996, there were almost 200,000 foreign children from Burma, Laos and Cambodia who had been trafficked in to Thailand for prostitution and work at construction sites and sweatshops. (CATW Fact Book, citing "Trafficking of children on the rise", Bangkok Post, 22 July 1998, citing IPSR) * Girls are particularly sought after in such areas as the making of lacquer-ware, embroideries (kalaga), cigarettes and cigars and gem polishing. Boys meanwhile, work in the construction and domestic labour sectors as well as in markets, restaurants and as petty vendors along railway tracks. (Human Rights Watch/Asia, "Burma: Children's Rights and the Rule of the Law", submission to the UN CRC, January 1997) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - Increasing numbers of children found begging have come to Thailand from countries like Cambodia, Burma and Bangladesh. These children are usually between 6-10 years who either travelled to Thailand on their own or were brought by beggar gangs and agents.(ILO-IPEC, Children in Prostitution, Pornography and Illicit Activities, September 1999) * Brick Breaking - Almost 200 children are allegedly being forced to split stones. (US Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000) * Commercial Agriculture - The COI Report included allegations that child labour was used to cultivate or produce a variety of goods including beans, bricks, fish, rice, shrimp, and wood and an NGO recently reported that children have been forced to work alongside men on tiger prawn farms. (US Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000) * Construction - Many children, usually between the age of 13-15 years, are forced to help maintain dams in Maungdaw. Fathers often send their children to work in their place, and children are required to go if there are no adult males in the family. (US Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000) * Construction - Many women and children were forced to work on constructing four major dykes in the Yebu township. (US Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000) * Construction - Children from 8-15 years of age made up approximately 10% of the workforce on a temple construction project in northern Kunhing. (US Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000) * Construction - An April 1999 report by the Shan Human Rights Foundation stated that military authorities in Kunhing township were forcing many children, some as young as 7-8 years old, to break stones for paving roads. (US Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000) * Construction - In Tada-Oo Township, the Chairman stated that everyone, including children, had been recruited to build a 20-mile road between Myo Tha Town and Tada-Oo Town, which is scheduled to open at the end of 1999. (US Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000) * Construction - In 1996, there were almost 200,000 foreign children from Burma, Laos and Cambodia who had been trafficked into Thailand for prostitution and work at construction sites and sweatshops. (CATW Fact Book, citing "Trafficking of children on the rise", Bangkok Post, 22 July 1998, citing IPSR) * Restaurants and Hotels - There is an increase in the number of children working in hotels and restaurants in the tourism sector. (Human Rights Watch/Asia, "Burma: Children's Rights and the Rule of the Law", submission to the UN CRC, January 1997) * Street Children - There are an estimated 10,000 street children between 5-15 years. (ILO, Protecting Children in the World of Work, October 1997) * Portering - Women and children are randomly picked by local police or the military for carrying heavy loads of ammunition, food and other supplies between army camps. They are not paid for their work. (ICFTU, Burma: SLORC's Private Slave Camp, June 1995) Burundi GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * In rural areas, children under the age of 16 do heavy manual labour. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Cambodia GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children are employed as construction workers, road builders and rubber plantation workers. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Cambodia, 1998) * Children are employed in restaurants and as boat drivers. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Cambodia, 1998) * Children are employed in salt fields, fish processing plants, shrimp peeling factories, cement factories and brick factories. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Cambodia, 1998) * Children work as tour guides, street vendors, stone-breakers, and drink sellers. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Cambodia, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - Increasing children found begging have come to Thailand from countries like Cambodia, Burma and Bangladesh. These children are usually between 6-10 years who have either travelled to Thailand on their own or were brought by beggar gangs and agents. (ILO-IPEC, Children in Prostitution, Pornography and Illicit Activities, September 1999) * Begging - 500 children have been trafficked to Thailand for begging. (ILO-IPEC, Trafficking in children for labour exploitation in Mekong Sub-region, July 1998) * Begging - Of the 1,060 child beggars in Thailand in 1997, 95% were Cambodians. (Kyodo News Service) * Construction - In 1996, there were almost 200,000 foreign children from Burma, Laos and Cambodia who had been trafficked into Thailand for prostitution and work at construction sites and sweatshops. (CATW Fact Book, citing "Trafficking of children on the rise", Bangkok Post, 22 July 1998, citing IPSR) * Street Children - Domestic NGOs estimate that there are more than 10,000 street children in Phnom Penh alone, who are easy targets for sexual abuse and exploitation. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Street Children - 6,000 children work on the streets of Phnom Penh, as porters, in small workshops, or as beggars. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Cambodia, 1998) Cameroon GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * In the South and East Provinces Baka, pygmies, including children, continued to be subjected to unfair and exploitative labour practices. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Agriculture - Trafficking in children, which is always a problem, continues to be the subject of considerable media coverage in Benin. Most victims are abducted or leave home with traffickers who promise educational opportunities or other incentives. They are taken to places in foreign countries, (according to the press, principally to Nigeria, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, and Gabon) and sold into servitude in agriculture, as domestics, or as prostitutes. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Street Vending - Many urban street vendors are under 14 years of age. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) Canada SPECIFIC SECTORS * Garment Manufacturing - 20% of garment home-workers are children. (IWGCL, Working Children: Reconsidering the Debates, 1998) Cape Verde - Central African Republic - Chad - Chile GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children are engaged in sugar-cane, coal-mining, ceramics and fireworks. (IWGCL, Working Children: Reconsidering the Debates, 1998) China GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children are trafficked to Thailand for prostitution and sweatshop work. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour: Trends and Challenges in Asia, August 1997) * Children are reportedly working in the fireworks industry, garment and textile industry. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing AAFLI, China: Labour Notes, February/March 1994) * There is use of child labour in toy, sporting equipment and game factories. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Footwear Manufacturing - Child labour in the footwear industry is identified to be a growing practice. Children of 13-15 age group are found working in Wellco - a sub unit of Nike in Ponggvan. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997, citing AMRC and Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee, "Working Conditions in Sports Shoe Factories in China, Making Shoes for Nike and Reebok", 1997) China, Hong Kong SAR - China, Macau SAR - China, Taiwan - Colombia GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children work in industries like, agribusiness, coal mining, leather tanning and brick kilns. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * The Committee is concerned at the high rate of child labour, particularly in arduous and unhealthy occupations such as brick-making and mining. (UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties: Colombia, 1996) * Hazardous child labour, including that in mines, is a matter of the deepest concern. (UN CRC, Comments on Colombia, 1995) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - 700,000 children worked as coca pickers. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Commercial Agriculture - A 1996 study by the National Human Rights Ombudsman of Child Labour in Putumayo department found that 22 % of the children between the ages of 5 and 18 were full-time coca-pickers. In another municipality the figures reached 70 %. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Cut Flower Industry - Children are commonly employed in the cut-flower industry and are often exposed to toxic substances during and after the spraying of pesticides. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Leather Tanning - Children as young as five are employed in the leather industry. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) * Mining and Quarrying - Coal mining presents the most difficult child labour problem. Many marginal family-run operations employ their young children as a way to boost production and income. It is estimated that between 1,200 and 2,000 children are involved. Younger children carry water and pack coal, while those aged 14 and above engage in more physically demanding labour such as carrying bags of coal. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Mining and Quarrying - A recent study of the use of children in the marginal coal mines in north-western Colombia shows that children as young as six work with their families in the mines, carrying water out of the mines, leading the loaded mules and packing coal into bags. Older children do the heavier work such as drilling. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Mining and Quarrying - Colombian government estimates put the number of child miners in the country at around 5,000. However, child welfare organisations believe this is a gross underestimate. (ABC-CLIO, Sandy Hobbs et al, Child Labor: A World History Companion, 1999, citing ICFTU, No Time to Play, 1996) * Mining and Quarrying - Children work under hazardous conditions in the coal mines of Colombia. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) * Street Children - Street children are a major problem in Colombia's cities. Street children employ desperate strategies to survive, 64 % were working mostly in itinerant sales, and some 17 % cited 'stealing' as their principal occupation. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Street Children - In 1988, UNICEF confirmed that in Colombia there were 5,000 street children. Taking this as benchmark, at present the figure could be between 15,000-30,000. (Pacto por la Infancia- Republica de Colombia) Comoros ASSORTED NOTES * Children generally help with the work of their families in the subsistence farming and fishing sectors. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Congo ASSORTED NOTES * Children are employed in informal sector and subsistence agriculture. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) Congo, Dem. Rep. SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - Many children work selling small goods like gum and cigarettes on the street. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) Cook Islands - Costa Rica SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - Although no official statistics exist, the PANI has identified street children in the urban areas of San Jose, Limon, and Puntarenas as being at the greatest risk. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Cote d'Ivoire GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Some children routinely act as vendors, shoe shiners, errand boys, car watchers and washers of car windows in cities. There are reliable reports of use of child labour in the informal-sector mining, and also of children working in 'sweatshop' conditions in small workshops. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * A study has shown that children are trafficked from Togo to the Cote d'Ivoire, for use as domestic servants, market traders, child beggars and prostitutes. (WAO-Afrique, Child Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999) * Children work in informal sectors. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - The head of a large community of migrant farmers claims that the use of children from Mali as labourers on Côte d'Ivoire's cocoa plantations is limited to remote plantations deep in the bush. The ones migrated to Yaboyo are at least 15 or 16 years of age. ("Only remote farms use child labour, farming figue says", Reuters, 6 October 2000, reprinted in CNN Webpost) * Commercial Agriculture - In July, police in Divo broke up a ring of child traffickers, which had brought children from Burkina Faso to work on farms and plantations in Cote d'Ivoire. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Commercial Agriculture - A study has shown that children are trafficked from Mali to the Cote d'Ivoire to work on agricultural plantations. (WAO-Afrique, Child Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999) * Mining and Quarrying - Children are employed in informal-sector mining. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * Mining and Quarrying - Approximately 800 children are employed in the gold mines of Issia. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing DCI/UNICEF, Gabin Kponhassia, "Le Travail des Enfants dans us mines de Cote D'Ivoire", 1993) * Mining and Quarrying - Approximately 350 children work in diamond mining in Tortiya. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) *Restaurants - The sale of children for labour is organised around networks, which bring children from rural areas to urban centres to work for individual employers in domestic service or in commercial activities such as in restaurants. (CWA, Rokhaya Diop, "The Sale of Child Labour in Côte d'Ivoire", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 4, October - December 1994) * Street Children - Cities, especially Abidjan, have large populations of street children. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Croatia GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Legal protection against hazardous work is available. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) Cuba - Cyprus GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Young persons are found in all types of enterprises, most commonly in the construction sector, in restaurants and hotels. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - Collecting and packing of agricultural products to a large extent is performed by young persons. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) Czech Republic - Denmark ASSORTED STATISTICS * 10,000 children, mainly older boys, are employed in the industrial sector. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) Djibouti SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - Many young girls are involved in selling goods on the street. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) Dominica - Dominican Republic GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Child workers are found in the fire-works industry and in sugar plantations. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) East Timor - Ecuador GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Many children under 14 years of age work in the informal sector, shining shoes, collecting and recycling garbage, or as street peddlers. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Children are being trafficked from Ecuador to Venezuela. The children work in virtual slavery conditions as street vendors, domestic workers and prostitutes. They are abducted, sold by parents or lured by false promises. (CATW Fact Book, citing Vladimir Villegas, Congressional Human Rights Commission, Estrella Gutierrez, "Child Traffic in Venezuela Tip of the Iceberg", IPS, 11 January 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Plantation Workers - In Ecuador, where Human Rights Watch interviewed forty-five children who had worked on banana plantations in early 2001, we learned that girls working in banana packing plants routinely experience sexual harassment in the workplace. (HRW, World Report 2001) Egypt ASSORTED STATISTICS * 45,000 children are working in small workshops. (IWGCL, Working Children: Reconsidering the Debates, 1998) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children work as apprentices in auto-repair and craft shops, in heavier industries such as construction, in brick-making and textiles, and as workers in tanneries and carpet-making factories. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Cotton leaf plantations - In October 1999, Human Rights Watch conducted an investigation into the use of child labour in Egyptian cotton pest management Although the Child Law set the minimum age for seasonal agricultural employment at 12 years, a majority of children engaged in leaf worm control operations were below the age of 12, with a significant proportion employed from the age of 7 or 8. They worked from 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. daily, with a one to two hour midday break, seven days a week. Supervising groups of fifteen to thirty, foremen routinely beat children with wooden switches whenever they perceived a child to be slowing down or overlooking leaves. (HRW, World Report 2001) * Children may have been exposed to toxic organophosphate and carbonate pesticides. Such exposure can lead to pesticide poisoning that is both acute-with effects such as dizziness, vomiting, or diarrhea-and chronic, including disruption of the nervous, endocrine, or reproductive systems. In the villages Human Rights Watch visited, children either resumed work immediately after the fields were sprayed or following a twenty-four to forty-eight hour hiatus, which may still have been inadequate given the heightened susceptibility of children to pesticide intoxication. (HRW, World Report 2001) *Cotton leaf plantations - In Egypt, an estimated 1.2 million children took part in controlling cotton leaf worm infestations during the summer months, by manually removing damaged portions of leaves. (HRW, World Report 2001) * Electrical Workshops - In September Ministry of Interior officials raided 16 electrical workshops in various Cairo neighborhoods and found 30 children between the ages of 6 and 12 working there. In another case, authorities found 4 children working in a Cairo restaurant that serves alcoholic beverages. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Leather Tanning - Children constitute about 25% of the labour force in the leather tanneries of old Cairo. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998) * Leather Tanning - An ILO study notes that the average age of children working in leather tanning industry was 11.7 years old, and worked 12.8 hours per day. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Ahmed Abdalla, "Child labour in Egypt: Leather tanning in Cairo", in ILO, Combating Child Labour, 1988) * Street Children - A 1997 study by the NGO network estimated that 1,000 children up to the age of 16 years were living on their own in the streets, 42 % of whom were under the age of 5. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) El Salvador GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Child labour is common in the coffee sector, the sugar industry and in the cottage production of fireworks. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Garment Manufacturing - More than 100 child workers were noted in Mandarin International garment manufacturing plant, producing garments for GAP. (US Dept of Labor, Industry and Codes of Conduct, 1996) * Street Vending - Most of the working children are street vendors. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) Equatorial Guinea SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - Underage youth are engaged in street vending. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Eritrea SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - In urban areas, some children are street vendors of cigarettes, newspapers, or chewing gum. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Estonia GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * The Church leaders were illegally bringing young people from Estonia to US to use them as domestic workers, paying them less than a minimum wage. ("Missionary group members could stand trial for smuggling children", 9 June 2000, reprinted in Stop Trafficking Archive, July 2000) * There were instances of families forcing their children to engage in begging and peddling. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Fishing - A June report described child labour practice as rampant in 156 fishing villages along the Afar River and settlements along the Volta Lake in the Afram plains. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Ethiopia GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * A research study of child labour sponsored by CETU's National Federation of Farm, Plantation, Fishery, and Agro-industry Trade Unions and published in 1999 focused on rural locations. The study reported that 30% of the workers on state farms surveyed were between the ages of 7 and 14. Child workers, who worked alongside parents hired by the state, typically worked 6 days a week, received no benefits, and earned less than $10 (80 birr) a month. At one plantation, 75% of the children worked 12-hour days. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001 citing CETU's National Federation of Farm, Plantation, Fishery, and Agro-industry Trade Unions) * In urban areas, children in large numbers can be seen working in a variety of jobs, including shining shoes, hustling passengers into cabs, working as porters, selling lottery tickets, and herding animals. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - Large numbers of children of all ages work as street peddlers in the cities. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Street Children - UNICEF estimates that there are approximately 150,000 street children in the urban areas, of which 100,000 reside in Addis Ababa. These children beg, sometimes as part of a gang, or work in the informal sector in order to survive. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Street Children - Many thousands of street children live in Addis Ababa. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) Fiji SPECIFIC SECTORS * Garment Manufacturing - The garment industry in Fiji is suspected to employ about 1,500 children. However, Fiji's Textile, Clothing and Footwear Council denied the allegation. ("Fiji Garment Council Denies Child Labour Claims", PACNEWS, 6 January 1999, reprinted in Pacific Islands Report) * Street Children - In November 1999, 73 street kids were found in Suva, Fiji.There is a growing number of women and children on the street. ("Concern Over Children and Women and the Streets of Fiji", The Fiji Times/PINA Nius Online, 10 March 2000, reprinted in Pacific Islands Report) Finland GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children are commonly employed in restaurants, hotels and in construction work. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - The problem of street children is not large and estimates suggest that there are about 100-200 children. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) France SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - The recent migration from former East Germany and from other former countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Co-operation (COMECON) is expected to affect the number of street children. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Street Children - The presence of street children began to constitute a significant problem starting from the 1980s. Some authorities consider that street children amount to 10,000. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) Gabon GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * A study has shown that children are trafficked from Togo to Gabon for use as market traders and child beggars. (WAO-Afrique, Child Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999) * A significant number of children work in market places. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Gambia GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * In urban areas, many children work as street vendors or taxi and bus assistants. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Many children work in markets and in street trading. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - There are a few instances of child street begging. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Georgia SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - The private voluntary organisation Child and Environment noted a significant increase in the number of homeless children following the collapse of the Soviet Union. It estimated that there are currently more than 2,500 street children in Tbilisi. The children increasingly survive by turning to criminal activity, narcotics, and prostitution. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001, citing Child and Environment report) * Street Children -It estimated that there were currently more than 2,500 street children in Tbilisi. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Street Children - Street children and children turned homeless are found in hazardous employment situations. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) Germany - Ghana GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * NGO's report that children as young as age 7 work illegally as porters, domestic servants, "hawkers," rock-breakers in quarries, small-scale miners, farmers, and fishermen. They are paid poorly, if at all, and sometimes are molested or abused. They seldom receive sufficient food or health care, and do not attend school. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) Greece ASSORTED STATISTICS * In August police detained a group of 35 Roma children from Albania, between the ages of 3 months and 11 years old, who were begging or being exploited by beggars in the streets. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Findings of a research carried out by Pedagogical Institute reveals that the construction sector employs around 27% of working adolescents and young people (aged 12-21), followed by the agricultural and food production sector (16,3%), and car jobs (12,1%). (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * In recent years, the number of street children who panhandle or peddle at city intersections on behalf of adult family members or for criminal gangs increased. According to the Ministry of Public Order, 78% of these children are Albanian, 12% are from other Balkan countries, and 10% are Romani. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Findings of the NOW survey revealed the presence of child workers in different fields, and particularly in domestic work, manufacturing industries, markets and retails, street services, etc. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - Around 3,000 Albanian children are trafficked to Italy and Greece and are used for begging and cleaning windows of cars without payment. (CRCA, The Vicious Circle, 2000) * Construction - In 1996, in Greece, 70 children under the age of 15 years were employed in the construction sector. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Leather Tannery - Reports exist of child labour in the tannery sector. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Street Children - The migratory flows from the new European democracies in recent years has led to the dramatic increase of children and young people on the streets. Some of them fall into prostitution and are sexually exploited. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Street Children - Rising phenomenon of "children in the street", the majority of these carry out forms of forced labour. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) Grenada - Guatemala ASSORTED STATISTICS * 75% of the working children do the menial jobs, such as street vending and domestic service, or work as shoeshine boys, car caretakers, and in agriculture. ("Two Million Children Work In Guatemala", EFE News Service, 16 September 2000, citing the report on childhood issued by the Guatemalan Archbishop's Human Rights Office) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Significant numbers of children work in such dangerous places as quarries, cutting rock by hand, and mines, as well as all kinds of factories, including clandestine factories for making gunpowder. (IACHR, Country Report - Guatemala, citing, Oficina de Derechos Humanos del Arzobispado, 6 April 2001, 2001)   * They serve as heavy labor, work with heavy machinery, work as roving vendors and shining shoes, work with pesticides and fertilizers, and work as pickers and cutters. (IACHR, Country Report - Guatemala, 2001) * The majority of child labourers work in agriculture - coffee, and sugar cane harvesting - while others work in domestic service, construction, various family businesses, stone quarrying and fireworks manufacturing. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Thousands of children who work illegally are open to exploitation. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Fireworks Production - A large number of children work at high risk to their lives. Among the most dangerous jobs, it specifically mentioned children working in fireworks plants, commonly referred to as the 'gunpowder children', those who grind stone and as those who work as flame throwers. ("Two Million Children Work In Guatemala", EFE News Service, 16 September 2000, citing the report on childhood issued by the Guatemalan Archbishop's Human Rights Office) * Fireworks Production - Some 5,000 children aged between 6 and 14 were recently found working in secret and illegal workshops in the country's capital. They were engaged in the manufacture of fireworks and other explosive products, thus exposing themselves to highly toxic, flammable and explosive materials in workshops lacking safety and hygiene measures. (Casa Alianza, Ann Birch, "Guatemala's Brothels are Another Workplace", Child Labour News Service (CLNS), Global March International Secretariat, 1 November 1999) * Garment Manufacturing - The Secretary General of the Confederation de Unidad Sindical de Guatemala CUSG, Edgar Patras reports San Pedro de Sacatepequez known as the cradle of apparel industry has working children in every home. (US Dept of Labor, Industry and Codes of Conduct, 1996) * Manufacturing - Child labour is rampant in Guatemala's maquiladora sector. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) * Mining and Quarrying - Children are employed in the mining and refining of lime, and also in the stone quarries along the Sumala river in Retalhuba. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * Street Children - The main sources of income for the street children are robbery, prostitution or begging. (UN Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, Report on the mission to Guatemala, 27 January 2000) * Street Children - Most credible estimates, including a May report by the Presidential Secretariat on Social Work and NGOs, put the number of street children at approximately 6,000, with the majority of these youths concentrated in Guatemala City. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Street Children - In 1994, it was estimated that there were between 1,500 and 5,000 street children in Guatemala, most of whom could be found in Guatemala City. 20 to 30% of street children are females and 65% of all the street children in Guatemala City are between the ages of 10 and 17; 3% are under 10. Most (60%) are from Guatemala City itself, while the rest are from rural Guatemala, Honduras or El Salvador. (UN Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, Report on the mission to Guatemala, 27 January 2000) Guinea GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Working children are found mostly in the informal sector including petty commerce, and small-scale mining. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Mining and Quarrying - Children are employed in diamond mines. (ILO, Small-scale Mines, 1999, citing "La main d'ocuvre infantile dans les mines de Friguiabegare", 1996) Guinea-Bissau GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children often are forced by their parents or guardians to work as street traders or agricultural labourers in the informal sector. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Guyana SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - It is common to see very young children engaged in street trading in the capital, Georgetown. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) Haiti - Honduras GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Many children work as street vendors, or in small workshops to supplement the family income. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Construction - The most significant child labour problem is in the construction industry. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Manufacturing - According to "Survey Of Women Maquila Workers", conducted by Honduran Committee for the Defence of Human Rights between November 1992 and March 1993, of the total workforce in maquilas, 2% is between the age of 12 and 13, and 11% are between 14 and 15. (US Dept of Labor, Industry and Codes of Conduct, 1996) * Street Children - In 1998, the government estimated the number of street children as 8,000, only a half of whom have shelter on any given day. Many street children are molested sexually, and about 40% are regularly engaged in prostitution. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Hungary - Iceland GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Legal working age to work in factories, ships, or in other hazardous work is 16 years. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) India ASSORTED STATISTICS * 428,305 child labourers in hazardous industries were found. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * 25,000 children are employed in footwear industry and approximately 5,000 children in silk thread industry in southern Karnataka. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing ILRF, Trading Away the Future, 1994) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children work in occupations ranging from construction work, working in abattoirs, working as sex workers, and manufacturing explosives to home-based industries such as gem polishing, paper bag making and grain cleaning. (CACL, "An Alternative Report on the Status of Child Labour in India", submission to the UN CRC, September-October 1999) * Children employed in the manufacturing of sports goods and polishing gem stones (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998) * Incidence of child labour in the hosiery industry in Tirupur, Tamil Naidu, woolen industry in Ludhiana, Punjab and cottage industry and small shops in New Delhi as reported by South Asian Coalition on Child Servitude. (US Dept of Labor, Industry and Codes of Conduct, 1996) * A large number of children are employed in the plantations, and in the match and fireworks industries, more than half of the workforce is children. Other industries where children work are cigarette manufacturing, diamond/gem polishing, lock manufacturing, handicrafts, carpet weaving, brassware and glass factories. Children also work in gas stations and restaurants, or they may be self-employed as porters, vendors and parking attendants. Street children resort to rag-picking, begging, shoe-shining, selling balloons and fruit and vegetables. (CWA, Dr. Suman Verma, "The Working Child in India", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 3, July - September 1994) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Silk Cultivation - In 1998 an HRW team headed by the Karnataka state labour commissioner conducted surprise inspections on silk twining factories in and around the town of Magadi. The team found 53 child workers under the age of 14 years working in the plants, forbidden to talk to each other, and beaten for slow work. The labour commissioner estimated that there were 3,000 bonded child labourers in the Magadi silk twining factories. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Begging - 76 children, mainly girls and some physically handicapped returned from Jedda. They were sent to beg during the Haj. Within a month of the return of this group, 47 boys were trafficked for begging. (CWA, SANLAAP (A Woman's Rights Centre), "Children Sent to the Middle East to Beg", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 & 3, April - September 1997) * Begging - An estimated 1,000 to 1,500 Indian children are smuggled out every year to Saudi Arabia for begging during the Haj season. From Murshidabad alone, some 400 children accompanied by their chachas leave every year, and not all of them return home again. ("How to earn big bucks: Rent a child to Chacha", The Asian Age, 16 March 1997, cited in Child Workers in Asia, April-September 1997) * Brass Industry - 40,000 to 45,000 children work in the brass industry in Moradabad.(US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing ILO/Asian Regional Team for Employment Promotion, January 1989) * Carpet Industry - CWIN's studies have revealed that Nepalese children are involved in different labour sectors in India. Most prominent is the carpet industry. CWIN estimates that there are 5,000-7,000 children working in Bhadohi and Mirzapur in Benaras District bordering Nepal. (CWA, Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN), "Nepal-India Cross Border Child Labour Migration", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 & 3, April - September 1997) * Carpet Industry - Based on a recent survey, the ILO estimates that at least 130,000 children are employed in India's hand-knotting carpet industry. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997) * Carpet Industry - ILO reports estimates the number of child labour in India's carpet industry ranges from 50,000 to 1,050,000. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997) * Carpet Industry - Human Rights Watch estimates that there are 300,000 children working in the carpet industry, 270,000 of whom are bonded labourers. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997) * Carpet Industry - 300,000 children working in carpet industry as per SACCS estimate. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) * Carpet Industry - 8% of the total work force in the hand knotted carpet industry are child labourers.(US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing NCAER, Child Labour in the Carpet Industry: A Status Report, 1993) * Diamond and Gemstone Industry - De Beers maintains the prevalence of child labour in Indian Diamond cutting is slightly over 3% of the total work force (around 24,000 children). Trade Union officials in Surat city, where the problem is most serious estimate a much higher prevalence level of child labour as high as 25%. (ICFTU, "Union Investigation Reveals Dirty End of the Diamond and Precious Stone Business", 1997) * Diamond and Gemstone Industry - 6,000 to 100,000 children working in the diamond industry, cutting and polishing diamond chips. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing ILRF, Trading Away the Future, 1994) * Fireworks and Match Production - 50,000 to 100,000 children employed in matches and fireworks industries of Sivakasi.(US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Rural Labour Cell, Children of Darkness, 1988) * Fireworks and Match Production - 45,000-50,000 children work in the fireworks and match industry in Tamil Nadu. (ICFTU, No Time to Play, 1996) * Gemstone Industry: 100,000 children work in the gems industry. (ILO, Protecting Children in the World of Work, October 1997) * Diamond and Gemstone Industry - Other estimates put the prevalence of child labour in gemstone industry at 10%(average age of 12 years) and 20% (ICFTU, "Union Investigation Reveals Dirty End of the Diamond and Precious Stone Business", 1997) * Diamond and Gemstone Industry - In Jaipur, Rajasthan, there are around 20,000 children among the 200,000 gem workers. (ICFTU, "Union Investigation Reveals Dirty End of the Diamond and Precious Stone Business", 1997) * Diamond and Gemstone Industry - In Trichy, Tamil Nadu, there are 10,000 children out of the total work force of 60,000 in the gem industry. (ICFTU, "Union Investigation Reveals Dirty End of the Diamond and Precious Stone Business", 1997) * Diamond and Gemstone Industry - Tens of thousands of children work full time in diamond and gem stone industry. (ICFTU, "Union Investigation Reveals Dirty End of the Diamond and Precious Stone Business", 1997) * Diamond and Gemstone Industry - 7,000 to 13,000 child labourers are in the gem industry in Jaipur.(US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing National Labour Institute, Child Labour in Gem Polishing Industry of Jaipur, 1991) * Fireworks and Match Production - 125,000 work in the match industry. (IWGCL, Working Children: Reconsidering the Debates, 1998) * Garment Manufacturing - Industrialists say child labour exists in the apparel industry only in remote areas and the duties involve only low skill work like cleaning and sweeping. (US Dept of Labor, Industry and Codes of Conduct, 1996) * Garment Manufacturing - NGOs observations have revealed that children are engaged in operating power looms in the apparel industry.(US Dept of Labor, Industry and Codes of Conduct, 1996) * Glass and Bangle Industry - In the glass bangle industry in Ferozabad, one quarter of the workforce - about 50,000 - are children under 14 years of age. (UNICEF, State of the World's Children, 1997) * Glass and Bangle Industry - 8,000 to 50,000 children are employed in the glassware industry.(US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) * Glass and Bangle Industry - 50,000 children work in the glass industry. (Child Labour in Glass Industry in Ferozabad, 1992) * Leather Tanning - Evidence suggests that thousands of children may be employed in leather tanneries in Tamil Nadu. Some estimate that in the town of Dindigul alone, 30% of the tannery labour force is children. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997) * Leather Tanning - Children under 15 account for 40% of flayers, 34% of tanners, 39% of manufacturers and repairers, and 36% of wage earners in the leather units of Agra, Kanpur, Durg and Tonk towns. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997, citing The Status and Problems of Leather) * Leather Tanning - Reports of children involved in leather tanning industry, particularly in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997, citing "The Status and Problems of Leather Workers") * Scavenging - In Bombay and Bangalore more than 100,000 children work as rag-pickers. (CWA, Steve Brace and Rebecca Dodd, Action Aid, "Recycling for Life, not Life-Style", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 9 No. 4, October - December, 1993) * Silk Industry - 5,000 children work in the silk industry. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) * Street Children - The Law Minister said that the country has 2 million street children. ("Laws alone cannot tackle child labour", Indian Express, 5 February 2000) * Street Children - Child welfare organisations estimate that there are 500,000 street children nation-wide. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Indonesia ASSORTED STATISTICS * According to a recent study, there are about 170,000 street children in 12 urban areas. Of these, about 20% are girls. At least 60% of the street children polled were not enrolled in school. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * In the past, NGO's estimated that as many as 3,000 children worked on fishing platforms, known as "jermals," under inhumane and dangerous conditions. There are credible reports that hundreds, perhaps over 1,000, children still work on the jermals off the east coast of North Sumatra in conditions of bonded labour. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * According to the Ministry of Social Affairs, 20,000 street children lived in Jakarta in 1997. NGOs estimate a 60% increase in their number due to economic crisis. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * A field work survey carried out by KOMPAK in Tangerang district, Jakarta in 1992 concludes that 22% of the children work in hazardous situations without protection e.g. operating machinery and dealing with toxic chemicals. Only 33% are involved in the less dangerous finishing stage of production like packaging. ("Factory Children in Indonesia", Child Workers in Asia, April-June 1993) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Street children sell newspapers, shine shoes, help to park or watch cars, and otherwise attempt to earn money. Many street children work under hazardous conditions as scavengers, garbage pickers, and on fishing platforms and fishing boats. According to credible sources, there are hundreds, perhaps over 1,000 children working in hazardous conditions on fishing platforms off the east coast of North Sumatra. Many thousands of children work in factories and fields. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Tens of thousands of street children live in Jakarta. Street children sell newspapers, shine shoes, help to park or wash cars, and otherwise attempt to earn money. Many street children work under hazardous conditions as scavengers and garbage pickers and on fishing platforms and fishing boats. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Children work in the rattan and wood furniture industries, the garment industry, the footwear industry, food processing, toy making, and small mining operations, among others. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Major sectors where children are employed are tea plantations, sugar industry, textiles, road constructions, plantations, farming and fishing, trade, hawkers, craft, caramel industry, mining, rattan furniture, metal and shoe manufacture. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Indonesia, 1994) * Child labour in Indonesia's food, candy, beverages, mosquito repellent, plastic, electric light-bulb, metal, cigarettes, footwear, gem mining (in Kalimantan), and commercial fishing(shrimp and other sea food) enterprises. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Gold Mining - During the year, the ILO called on the Government to stop the employment of up to 3,000 children in Central Kalimantan in gold mining. The media reported the use of mercury in Central Kalimantan gold mining, underscoring the danger posed to these children. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001 citing ILO) * Garbage disposal - Some children work as scavengers in dumpsites. In the Bantar Gebang dumpsite in Bekasi (south of Jakarta), an NGO working with children there, estimates that as many as 550 children ages 7 to 15 work at the dump to help their parents. About 74% of the children are under age 12. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Chemical Production - A survey found a German-owned factory, A.T. Sinar Plata Co. that produces "Baygon" mosquito repellant and coils, using a large number of children in hazardous conditions. The total workforce is 8,000 of which there are 500-600 children between the ages of 12-16. ("Factory Children in Indonesia", Child Workers in Asia, April-June 1993) * Commercial Fishing - There were about 1900 jermals in these four regencies in 1995 and each jermal has an average of 6-10 children on it. If we use the higher number of jermals, observed by the author from several sources, the number of child labourers working on the jermal is between 12,000 to 19,000. Even if we use the Department of Fisheries data, the number would still be around 2,000-3,700. (CWA, Ahmad Saufian, Pusat Kajian Perlindungan Anak, "Child Labour in Jermals", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 15, No. 2, May - August 1999) * Commercial Fishing - There are credible reports that several thousand children are forced to work on fishing platforms ('jermals') off the east coast of North Sumatra in conditions of bonded labour. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Commercial Fishing - 15,000 children are in deep-sea fishing. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Agricultural Imports & Forced and Bonded Child Labor, 1995) * Garment Manufacturing - 2,500 children in garment units. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) * Street Children - The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child expressed its concern about the large number of children who have been forced to live and/or work in the street in order to survive. (UN CRC, Concluding observations on Indonesia, 1994) * Wood-based Industries - Child workers are involved in the manufacture of wood and rattan furniture. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Jeff Bellinger, Goods Produced for Export to the United States Using Child Labour in Indonesia, May 1994) Iran - Iraq - Ireland SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - A certain number of children aged 6-14 years can be found on the streets begging. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Street Children - The Council of Europe's best 'guestimate' indicates that there are somewhere between 500 and 1,000 street children most are aged between 15 and 18 years. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) Israel - Italy ASSORTED STATISTICS * According to the Carabinieri, an estimated 30,000 illegal Chinese work in sweatshop conditions near Florence, with many minor children working alongside the rest of their families to produce scarves, purses, and imitations of various brand name products. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * There is a demand for child labour in small industrial workshops which are neither registered nor regulated, and where children work in unhealthy and unsafe conditions. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Children work in industries like crafts, clothing, hosiery, footwear, engineering, construction hotel, tourism sector, public bars, pizzerias. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - Around 3,000 Albanian children are trafficked to Italy and Greece and are used for begging and cleaning windows and cars without payment. (CRCA, The Vicious Circle, 2000) * Begging - For the Roma (gypsy) community, begging is considered a job, and children help their mothers in this activity. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Footwear Manufacturing - The shoe industry which operates in thousands of small, scattered subcontracting units is a major child exploitation centre. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Street Children - In Italy street children are an increasing phenomenon. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) Jamaica GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Many children from poor homes work on the streets, in grocery stores and in other domestic tasks. (Jamaica Coalition on the Rights of the Child, submission to the UN CRC, January 1995) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - The most obvious signs of child labour can be seen in the growing number of street children. (ILO Caribbean Office, Country Profile: Jamaica, February 1999) * Street Children - The Committee on the Rights of the Child noted the growing number of children living and/or working in the streets where they are exposed to various forms of exploitation and abuse. (UN CRC, Concluding observations on Jamaica, 1995) * Street Vending - Children under the age of 12 peddle goods and services on city streets. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Japan - Jordan GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Declining economic conditions have caused the number of these 'street children' to increase steadily over the last 10 years. Selling newspapers, tissues, small food items, or gum, these street vendors, along with the other children who pick through trash dumpsters to find recyclable cans to sell, are sometimes the sole source of income for their families. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Auto Workshops - 24% of the working children are engaged in car repair and that is the largest occupational group. (ILO-IPEC, Amal Dibo, Child Labour in Few Countries of the Arab Region, 1999) * Street Vending - Although the law prohibits children under the age of 16 from working, child vendors work on the streets of Amman. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Kazakhstan ASSORTED STATISTICS * 10.6% of working children are engaged in vending and 2.2% in begging. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Kazakhstan, September 1997) Kenya ASSORTED STATISTICS * More than 1 million of the working children are employed in the most intolerable forms of child labour in the tourism and services sector, in plantations and mines, in domestic service, and in such urban informal sector occupations as garbage collection. (ILO, "Kenya gets to grips with child labour", January 1997) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Significant percentages of workers on coffee, sugar, and rice plantations are children. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Children are mainly employed in export industries like textiles, clothing, and footwear. They also work in the coffee and tea plantations. (Philip Ngunjiri, "Child labour on the rise", IPS, 6 December 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - In Kenya's central province, 60 % of the workforce on coffee plantations are children. (Philip Ngunjiri, "Child labour on the rise", IPS, 6 December 1998) * Commercial Agriculture - On the Kenya coffee plantations during the peak harvest seasons, as many as 30 % of the coffee pickers are below 15 years of age. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Commercial Agriculture in Africa, 27-30 August 1996) * Commercial Agriculture - 18% of coffee workers are children. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Agricultural Imports & Forced and Bonded Child Labour, 1995) * Commercial Agriculture - Children constitute some 20% to 30% of the casual labour force on all types of plantations. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Commercial Agriculture in Africa, 27-30 August 1996) * Commercial Agriculture - Children make up as much as 90% of the workforce during the period of rice transplanting, an activity involving long rows of walking backward and bending to pick and replant rice. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998) * Commercial Fishing - About half of the 3 million Kenyan children are engaged in child labour work in the fishing industry. (Philip Ngunjiri, "Child labour on the rise", IPS, 6 December 1998) * Street Children - The number of Nairobi's street children is over 50,000, and the government estimates that their numbers grow at 10% per year. These children often are involved in theft, drug trafficking, assault, trespassing, and property damage. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Street Children - The Child Welfare Society of Kenya estimated the number of Nairobi's street children at 45,000 in 1997, while the government estimates their growth at 10% per year. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) Kiribati GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children are rarely employed outside the traditional economy of subsistence farming and fishing. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) Korea, Dem. People's Republic - Korea, Rep. - Kosovo GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children can be found in a variety of unofficial 'retail' jobs, typically washing car windows or selling small items such as cigarettes. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Kuwait SPECIFIC SECTORS * Camel Jockeys - There are reports of young boys, especially of South Asian origin, being used as camel jockeys. There also have been confirmed reports that some South Asian and Southeast Asian domestic servants are under age 18. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) Kyrgyzstan GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Many children work as beggars and street vendors. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - The KCF is concerned about the growing number of street children. One-day sweeps are conducted two to three times each year and about 30 to 70 children are found to be working. Similar conditions also exist in other urban centres, as well as in the countryside. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Laos - Latvia - Lebanon GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Poor children often are compelled by their parents to seek employment, risking their safety, in industries like car mechanic shops, and carpentry. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Children are employed predominantly in the industrial, crafts, and metallurgical sectors. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child notes the rising number of children working in the streets or in domestic service, including children from other countries. (UN CRC, Concluding observations on Lebanon, 1996) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Metal Works - A majority of child labourers engage in metal-work and repairs. (ILO-IPEC, Amal Dibo, Child Labour in Few Countries of the Arab Region, 1999) * Street Children - There are hundreds of children living on the streets, some of whom survive by begging. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Street Children - Street children are beggars, bubble gum sellers or car glass cleaners. (Lebanese Union for Child Welfare, National Report of Lebanese Associations, submission to the UN CRC, May-June 1996) * Street Children - The study in July 1995 revealed that street children belong to the following groups: 49.3% gypsies, 32.9% Syrians, 17.8% Lebanese. (Lebanese Union for Child Welfare, National Report of Lebanese Associations, submission to the UN CRC, May-June 1996) Lesotho GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Child labour exits in garment and shoe manufacturing industries. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Lesotho Ministry of Planning, "The Situation of Women and Children in Lesotho'') SPECIFIC SECTORS * Garment Manufacturing - Children under 14 are employed in the textile and garment sector, and in family-owned businesses. According to a 1994 study by a foreign government, as much as 15% of the textile work force of some 15,000 persons may be children between the ages of 12 and 15. The Ministry of Labor denies the validity of this report. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Garment Manufacturing - 5-15% of the workforce in several of Lesotho's garment factories are children aged 12 to 15 years. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) Liberia GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children are engaged in logging, mining and street-vending. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - The number of street children in Monrovia and the number of abandoned infants increased significantly following disarmament. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Libya - Liechtenstein - Lithuania - Luxembourg - Madagascar GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * In urban areas, many children work as petty traders, casual transport workers, and beggars. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Mining and Quarrying - In an IPEC survey, child workers were found in small-scale mines and quarries. (ILO, Small-scale Mines, 1999, citing unpublished ILO-IPEC Survey of Child Workers in Small-scale Gold Mining, 1998) Malawi GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * There is significant child labour on tobacco and tea farms and in domestic service. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - In 1993, a study in Malawi found that the majority of children living on tobacco estates were working full or part time, 78% were 10-14 years old and 55% were 7-9 years old. (UNICEF, State of the World's Children, 1997) * Commercial Agriculture - Children below 15 account for about 22% of the total permanent labour force, and 23% of the casual labour force on tobacco estates. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour In Commercial Agriculture In Malawi, 27-30 August 1996, citing Beyond Dualism: The changing face of the household estate sub-sector in Malawi, Research Report, 1990) * Street Children - The problem of street children worsened in 1997 as the number of orphans whose parents died from HIV/AIDS increased. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) Malaysia ASSORTED STATISTICS * Between 100,000 and 200,000 children are working in restaurants, markets, construction sites and small industrial sites. (ABC-CLIO, Sandy Hobbs et al, Child Labor: A World History Companion, 1999, citing Lee Wright Peter, Child Slaves, 1990) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Most child labourers work in the urban informal sector in food businesses, night markets, and small-scale industries, as well as on rubber and palm oil plantations. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - Burmese children are smuggled into Malaysia for begging. (Lawyers for Human Rights and Legal Action, The Flesh Trade Report, 1995-1996) * Rubber Plantation - Children work up to 17 hours a day in rubber plantations, exposed to insect and snake bites. (Kathlyn Gay, Child Labor: A Global Crisis, The Milbrook Press, 1998) * Scavenging - In urban areas, children can be found working in recycling garbage dumps. (ABC-CLIO, Sandy Hobbs et al, Child Labor: A World History Companion, 1999, citing Lee Wright Peter, Child Slaves, 1990) Maldives GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * There are no reports of children being employed in the small industrial sector, although children work in family fishing, agricultural, and commercial activities. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) Mali NATIONAL STATISTICS * An estimated 15,000 Malian children between the ages of 9 and 12 have been sold into forced labour on the cotton, coffee, and cocoa plantations of northern Cote d'Ivoire over the past few years. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Child labour exists, though to a lesser degree, in crafts and trades apprenticeship and cottage industries. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - Thousands of Malian children were trafficked and sold into indentured servitude on Ivorian plantations. In September 1998, a private Abidjan daily newspaper exposed the widespread practice of importing and indenturing Malian boys for field work on Ivorian plantations under abusive conditions. Mali was not the only source of forced child labour used in the country. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Commercial Agriculture - Reports in national and international media throughout 1998 carried out accounts of illicit trade in children from Mali to the Cote d'Ivoire to be sold to farmers. (Child Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999) * Street Vending - Children work as street vendors. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Malta - Marshall Islands - Mauritania GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Many children serve apprenticeships in small industries and in the informal sector. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - Local NGOs estimate that there are over 150 street children. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Mauritius - Mexico ASSORTED STATISTICS * In Mexico, 5-10 million youngsters are employed illegally often in hazardous jobs making products for export to the USA. (Mary E. Williams, Child Labour And Sweat Shops, 1999) * There are 115,000 children working in the streets, markets, tourist and other areas of 108 cities in Mexico. 70% are boys and 30% girls, and around 60% of them are found in just 20 cities. (Pilar Franco, "Latin America: Millions of Minors in Virtual Slavery", IPS, 19 February 1999, citing UNICEF and the National System for the Integral Development of the Family (DIF)) * Mexico City's central market employs approximately 11,000 minors between the ages of 7 and 18, who work as cart-pushers, kitchen help, and vendors. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Most child labour is in the informal sector, including myriad underage street vendors, family-owned workshops, or in agriculture and rural areas. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Extensive use of child labour is reported in household production units. No estimates are available. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - Some 20% of the children survive by begging, 24% by selling goods, and others by doing subcontracting work. ("Over 5 Million Child Laborers in Mexico", Xinhua: Comtex, 14 September 2000, citing National System for the Integral Development of the Family (DIF), "Prevention, Attention, Discouragement and Eradication of Childhood Labor") * Commercial Agriculture - A survey of 12 states in Mexico indicate that children in the age group of 7-14 make up 30% of day labourers in agriculture sector. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998) * Commercial Agriculture - In the agrarian sector children have to handle toxic pesticides and other agro-chemical without adequate protection. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998, as cited in Estudio de ninos y adolescentis trabajadores a nivel nacional 1998, Ministerio de Trabajo y Promocion Social, 1998) * Footwear Production - Children involved in moccasin-style shoe production at home. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997) * Manufacturing - There is extensive use of child workforce in the maquiladora sector. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, as cited in Defence for Children International, "Out of the Equation: Children and North American Economic Integration", 1993) * Street Children - In urban areas, over 10,000 children aged 6 to 14 work on the streets. ("Over 5 Million Child Laborers in Mexico", Xinhua: Comtex, 14 September 2000, citing National System for the Integral Development of the Family (DIF), "Prevention, Attention, Discouragement and Eradication of Childhood Labor") * Street Children - The National System for the Integral Development of the family asserted that more than 114,000 children worked on the streets of large cities. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) Micronesia - Moldova SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - 1,000 street children are living in Chisinau and other urban areas. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) Monaco - Mongolia GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * The use of minors is common in the rug-making industry and also exists to some extent in the textile and leather goods industries. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - There are an estimated 2,000 street children. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Street Children - In Ulaanbaatar and major urban centres there are growing populations of street children. There are an estimated 3,000 street children. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Street Children - 3,133 were registered as permanent street children at the Policy Department in 1997. (ILO-IPEC, Country Paper: Mongolia, September 1999) Morocco GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * In practice children often are apprenticed before age 12, particularly in the informal handicraft industry. The use of minors is common in the small family-run workshops that produce rugs, ceramics, wood work, and leather goods. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Small leather tanning and manufacturing workshops, use child labour. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, cited by the Congress on the Rights of the Child, Casablanca, May 25-27, 1994) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Carpet Industry - It is estimated that 5,000 to 10,000 children between the ages of 8 and 14 work in the artisan carpet industry and between 2,000 and 3,000 work in the export-oriented carpet industry. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing` the L'Union Marocaine du Travail(UMT) in a letter to International Child Labour Study, 22 June 1994) * Garment Manufacturing - Children are employed in the sub-contracting units of the garment industry. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing L'Union Marocaine du Travail (UMT) in a letter to International Child Labour Study, 22 June 1994) Mozambique GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children, including those under age 15, commonly work on family farms or in the urban informal sector, where they perform such tasks as "guarding" cars, collecting scrap metal, or selling trinkets and food in the streets. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * The informal labour sector is unregulated. In a September 1999 newspaper survey, labour union representatives noted the growing presence of children in construction jobs. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Children work in the urban informal sector. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - Children work on commercial plantations. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Construction - Increasing presence of children in construction jobs. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Namibia ASSORTED NOTES * There were also reports that Angolan and Zambian children, who are not protected by the Labour Act, work on communal and cattle farms in border areas. (EI Barometer) Nauru - Nepal ASSORTED NOTES * It is estimated that at least 1 million children in Nepal are working as child labourers in difficult circumstances, often as slaves in carpet factories, brick kilns, domestic service, agriculture, plantation, construction, transportation, stone quarry, mines and as migrant workers. (CWIN, Gauri Pradhan, State of the Rights of the Child in Nepal, 1998) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Research has shown that child labour exists in large numbers in labour-intensive industries like carpet, stone and brick crushing, candle making, bidi making and furniture industries. (ILO-IPEC, Country Paper: Nepal, September 1999) * Nepalese children are employed in India in wood-cutting and construction work, specially in cold places such as Shimla and Kashmir. (CWA, Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN), "Nepal-India Cross Border Child Labour Migration", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 & 3, April - September 1997) * The Indian catering industry is another sector which absorbs a large number of Nepalese migrant child labourers. Children also are engaged in shoe shining, factory work, portering or working as coolies in the railway stations. Some children are also employed to work in circuses and magic shows. (CWA, Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN), "Nepal-India Cross Border Child Labour Migration", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 & 3, April - September 1997) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Wool Factory - According to a February 1999 press report, police found 14 boys aged 15 to 17 years who were employed forcibly in a wool factory in Jorpati. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Brick Kilns - In the brick factories of Kathmandu alone 2,500 children between 9-14 year were working. (ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Nepal, October 1998) * Carpet Industry - According to a study by BISCON about 1.62% of child labour exists in carpet industries. (ILO-IPEC, Country Paper: Nepal, September 1999) * Carpet Industry - Child rights groups estimate that 23,000 children work in carpet industry which amounts to one third of the industry's total work force. The numbers are believed to have come down to 6,000 following international campaign against child labour. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * Carpet Industry - CWIN's studies have revealed that Nepalese children are involved in different labour sectors in India. Most prominent is the carpet industry. CWIN estimates that there are 5,000-7,000 children working in Bhadohi and Mirzapur in Benaras District bordering Nepal. (CWA, Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN), "Nepal-India Cross Border Child Labour Migration", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 & 3, April - September 1997) * Carpet Industry - The estimated number of child labourers in the carpet industry is 3,000. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997, citing AAFLI, Survey of Child Workers In Nepal Carpet Factories, 1996) * Carpet Industry 2,891 children are in the carpet industry. (ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Nepal, October 1998, citing AAFLI, 1996) * Carpet Industry - 200,000 children are working in the carpet industry. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Agricultural Imports & Forced and Bonded Child Labour, 1995) * Carpet Industry - The official estimate states the percentage of child workers in the carpet industry is 9%. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Nepal Ministry of Labour, "A Glimpse of Carpet Industries in Kathmandu Valley", July 1993) * Carpet Industry - In 1992, based on a sample survey, Child Workers in Nepal(CWIN) estimated the number of children working in carpet factories of Kathmandu Valley as 150,000 or 50% of the total work force. (CWA, Child Workers In Nepal (CWIN), "Carpet Children in Nepal", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 9 No. 2, April - June 1993) * Carpet Industry - The percentage of child workers in the carpet industry is estimated as 50%. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing CWIN, "Carpet Factory: A Source of Foreign Currency and the Misery of our Children", 1992) Portering - The total number of child porters working in Nepal is estimated at 46,029, based on the results of this study. (ILO-IPEC, Bal Kumar KC et all, Nepal, Situation of Child Porters: A Rapid Assessment, Geneva, November 2001) * Portering - There are 550 child porters in Kathmandu. (ILO-IPEC and Foundation For Economic And Social Change, Annotated Bibliography on Child Labour in Nepal, citing Concern for Children and Environment, Nepal, Burden on Childhood, 1997) * Portering - In the Kathmandu Valley, portering is currently the major form of employment for children. (CWA, Bijaya Sainju, Concern for Children and Environment - Nepal, "Child Porters in Kathmandu", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 3, July - September 1994) * Restaurants and Hotels - 7,665 children work in hotels and restaurants. (ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Nepal, October 1998) * Scavenging - The findings are based on the interviews of 300 children ages 5-17 years working currently as ragpickers in six major municipalities. Based on respondents' and key informants' assessment, the total number of child ragpickers was estimated to be 2,969 for the sample sites and 3,965 overall for urban centers in Nepal, with the highest concentration in the Kathmandu Valley and Dharan. (ILO-IPEC, Bal Kumar KC et all, Nepal, Situation of Child Porters: A Rapid Assessment, Geneva, November 2001) * Scavenging - An estimated 1,500 children are engaged as rag-pickers. (ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Nepal, October 1998) * Street Children - Street Children earn their living by selling newspaper, cleaning garbage and even begging. (ILO-IPEC, Country Paper: Nepal, September 1999) * Street Children - In Nepal, it is estimated that there are 5,000 children who have landed on the streets of cities due to various socio-economic and socio-psychological reasons and family violence. In the year 1997, CWIN recorded 330 street children in Kathmandu, similarly it recorded 66 street children in Pokhra, 107 in Menayanghat, 103 in Dharan and 31 boys in Patan and 45 in Biratnagar. Population of street children in Kathmandu was 1,000 in 1992. (CWIN, Gauri Pradhan, State of the Rights of the Child in Nepal, 1998) * Tempo Helpers - According to the CWIN report 65% of the children working as tempo helpers are below the age of 14 and the remaining 35% belong to the age group of 14-18 years. (CWIN, Gauri Pradhan, State of the Rights of the Child in Nepal, 1998) Netherlands SPECIFIC SECTORS * Garment Manufacturing - Children were found working in illegal clothing workshops in Amsterdam. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Street Children - The phenomenon of street children is on the increase recently as the group of migrant children has grown. They are mainly found in Amsterdam and Rotterdam. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) New Zealand - Nicaragua ASSORTED STATISTICS * Over 140,000 children are employed in rural areas at coffee, tobacco, rice, and banana plantations. In Managua over 6,000 children work on city streets, selling merchandise, cleaning automobile windows, or begging. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Out of 100,000 children illegally employed, 72,000 children were employed in the annual harvests of coffee, cotton, bananas, tobacco and rice. Others are forced by their parents to work in the streets of Managua as vendors or beggars. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * The Census on Child Labour on the Streets and in Public Places, conducted by the Nicaraguan Fund for Children and Family and UNICEF, found children in various occupations like selling food, newspapers and other items, cleaning and guarding cars, shoe polishing, loading and unloading of goods, garbage collecting. (ILO-IPEC, El trabajo infantil en America Latina - CD-ROM, August 1999) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - Between 60,000 and 70,000 children participate in the Nicaraguan coffee harvest each year. ("Child labour used in 35% of coffee harvest", 16 March 1999) * Commercial Agriculture - The Nicaraguan Union of Cafe Growers (UNICAFE) estimates children to be 35% of their work force. ("Child labour used in 35% of coffee harvest", 16 March 1999) * Street Children - In the urban zones the majority of children work in the street, carrying out different activities of high risk for their health and safety. (Second Report of the Civil Society on the Rights of Children in Nicaragua, submission to the UN CRC, May-June 1999) * Street Children - In Managua, 4,000 to 5,000 children work on city streets, selling merchandise, tobacco, and rice. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * Street Children - The Committee expresses its grave concern that an increasing number of children who make a living by selling and begging on the streets are especially vulnerable to sexual exploitation. (UN CRC, Concluding observations on Nicaragua, 1995) Niger SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - There are reported instances of children being forced to beg. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Chemical Industry - 10,000 children involved in production of torn- hydrated sodium carbonate. (ILO, Small-scale Mines, 1999) * Mining and Quarrying - 5,100 children are involved in gold mining. (ILO, Small-scale Mines, 1999, citing Rapport sur le travail des enfant dans les petites exploitations miners du...) * Mining and Quarrying - Of the total 442,000 small scale mining workforce, 250,000 are children under the age of 18. (ILO, Small-scale Mines, 1999) Nigeria GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Trafficked children are made to work as hawkers and petty traders, beggars, car washers, bus conductors, farm hands or cattle rearers. (UNICEF Child Domestic Workshop, 1998) * The use of children as hawkers, beggars and bus conductors is widespread in urban areas. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * In Nigeria, two of the main forms of child labour outside the home are street vending and weaving. Children as young as 6 years old may be found in street trading but most are between 9 and 14 years old. (ABC-CLIO, Sandy Hobbs et al, Child Labor: A World History Companion, 1999, citing International Working Group on Child Labour, Oloko Sarah, Beatrice Adenik, In-Depth Country Report: Nigeria, 1995) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - In Lagos alone there are 100,000 boys and girls living in the streets. (Child Welfare League of Nigeria, Alternative Report on the Implementation of CRC, submission to the UN CRC, September-October 1996) Niue - Norway ASSORTED NOTES * Agriculture and fishing provide occasional work for many children. (Living on the Edges: Children who work in Europe, by Roberta Cecchetti, European Forum for Child Welfare, June1998.) Oman SPECIFIC SECTORS * Camel Racing - There is forced child exploitation for camel-jockeying. (ICFTU-APRO, Sub-Regional Seminar on Child Labour, October 1993) Pakistan ASSORTED STATISTICS * More than 5 million children are employed in the textile, clothing, footwear and leather sectors. (ICFTU and ETUC, Pakistan: Forced Labour, June 1995, citing estimates of Pakistan National Textile, Leather and Garment Workers' Federation of Multan) * A survey found most of the children working in the informal sector in a variety of activities; 52.2% of them in the production sector such as glass making, battery-cell making, printing and publishing, textiles, metal works, jewelry making, plastics, leather works, carpet weaving, garments, paper and packaging, furniture, engineering and auto workshops, while 32.82% were found in the service sector such as petrol pump operators, plumbers, washermen, sweepers, garbage collectors, barbers, shoe polishers, hawkers, car cleaners, hotel and restaurant workers, domestic helpers, shop assistants and tailors. (CWA, Ghazanfer Abbas, "Child Labour in Pakistan", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 3, July - September 1994, citing 1990 survey jointly by the PILER in Karachi and SEBCON in Islamabad) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * A large number of children work in urban centres, weaving carpets, making surgical instruments and producing sporting goods. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children,1994) * There are allegations of children working in industries including leather, footwear and mining. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) * Children are employed in hazardous industries such as match and fireworks factories, carpet-making factories, agricultural industries under the authority of land-owners and in conditions of near slavery. (OMCT/SOS, remarks to the UN CRC, April 1994) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Auto Workshops - A survey conducted by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan published in June 1999 noted that there are approximately 4,000 children working in auto workshops in the Mardan district of the NWFP. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Camel Racing - In 1992, it was estimated that some 20,000 children, some as young as 5 years old, were sent to the Gulf region to be used as jockeys in camel racing. (OMCT/SOS, remarks to the UN CRC, April 1994) * Brick Kilns - A minimum of 250,000 children live and work in brick kilns in complete social isolation. (CWA, Ghazanfer Abbas, "Child Labour in Pakistan", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 3, July - September 1994) * Brick Kilns - Tens of thousands of children work with their families in brick kilns. (ILO Committee of Experts, General Report, 1994) * Carpet Industry - 120,000 to 1 million children work in the carpet industry. The figure includes children in debt-bondage also. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997) * Carpet Industry - The number of child workers in carpet industry was 500,000. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997, citing a memorandum of SACCS to US Dept of State, 20 February 1996) * Carpet Industry - 1.2 million children engaged in the carpet industry. (ICFTU, No Time to Play, 1996, citing UNICEF) * Carpet Industry - It is estimated that a minimum of 1 million workers comprise the workforce of the country's large and labour-intensive carpet industry, of which more than 500,000 are children. (CWA, Ghazanfer Abbas, "Child Labour in Pakistan", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 3, July - September 1994) * Carpet Industry - Reports tentatively estimate that out of 15 million workers in the carpet industry, 1 million are children. (ICFTU and ETUC, Pakistan: Forced Labour, June 1995, citing UNICEF, Child Labour in the Carpet Weaving Industry in Punjab, 1992) * Manufacturing - 11 million children aged 4-14 keep the country's factories operating. (Jonathan Silvers, "Child Labour in Pakistan", The Atlantic Monthly, 1996) * Mining and Quarrying - 50,000 children are involved in mining. (ICFTU-APRO, Sub-Regional Seminar on Child Labour, October 1993) * Scavenging - 20.3% of child workers are engaged as rag-pickers. (Sarah Javed and Zarina Jilani, Child Labour in Islamabad, 1997) * Sporting Goods Industry - 80% of soccer balls sold in the US are made in east Pakistan, where 1 in 5 workers are children between the ages of 7 and 12. (Canadian Labour Congress, Challenging Child Labour, 1998) * Sporting Goods Industry - In 1997, 5,400 children were removed from the soccer ball industry. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * Sporting Goods Industry - Sialkot district alone produces nearly 75% of the world's hand-stitched soccer balls. As many as 7,000 children currently work in the industry. (EI, EI Quarterly Magazine, September 1997, citing ILO) * Sporting Goods Industry - Of 35 million soccer balls stitched in Pakistan, children produce one quarter of the balls, most of them as bonded servants. (Mary E. Williams, Child Labour And Sweat Shops, 1999, citing Sydney Schanberg, Life, 1 June 1996) * Sports Goods Industry - Children constitute approximately 20-25% of the work force in the sports goods industry and range from 12-15 years. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) * Surgical Instruments Industry - The exact number of vendor shops in Sialkot is not known but it is estimated that more than 2,000 vendors are involved in surgical instrument production. It is estimated that each vendor shop employs an average of two children, so some 3,000 to 4,000 children haven been suspected of being involved in the production process. (ILO-IPEC, Nasir Dogar, Workplace Monitoring Project in the Surgical Instrument Industry, Working Papers on Child Labour in Asia - Vol -2, Bangkok, ILO, 2001) * Surgical Instruments Industry - According to the ILO and the Punjab Welfare Department, children constitute about 15% of the work force in the surgical instrument industry in Sialkot; 7,500 of these children are estimated to be under age 14. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001 citing ILO and Punjab Welfare Department) * Surgical Instruments Industry - According to a June 1999 report issued by Public Services International, the average age of children in the surgical instrument industry is 12. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001 citing PSI report) * Surgical Instruments Industry - 3,670 children under 17 are working in the surgical instruments industry. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Government of Pakistan's chart on child labour by the Provincial Government in 1993)   Palau - Palestine SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - Child labour of under-12 children is found to be prevailing in street vending. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) Panama SPECIFIC SECTORS * Plantations - Child labour violations are reported more frequently in the production of sugar cane and coffee. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) Papua New Guinea SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - Many children under the age of 12 are employed as labourers in tea and coffee plantations in the Highlands. ("Child Labour Claimed at PNG Highlands Tea and Coffee Plantations", Post-Courier/PINA Online, 22 March 2000, reprinted in Pacific Islands Report) Paraguay ASSORTED STATISTICS * Although no census has been taken, the Public Ministry reports that some 26,000 children work in urban areas as street vendors or as prostitutes. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - In 1998, approximately 26,000 children work in urban areas of Paraguay as prostitutes or as street vendors. (ECPAT, CSEC Database, citing Public Ministry, http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/index.asp) * Street Children - 3,700-6,000 children and adolescents work in the streets of Asuncion. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) Peru GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children are employed in various sectors of the economy, in gold mining in Ayacucho Auguipa, in cultivation of cocoa leaves, in the narco-trafficking, in cultivation of rice and coffee, rag-picking and waste recycling, fishing, and packaging in markets in El Agustino and la Victoria, Lima. (ILO-IPEC, Francisco Verdera, El trabajo infantil en el Peru, 1995) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Brick Kilns - The brick kilns employ child labour on a significant scale. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Brick Kilns - Brick kiln workers are localised in Huachipa. The Street Educational Programme(INABIF) that works in the zone, estimates 1,000 children associated with family labour. (ILO-IPEC, Francisco Verdera, El trabajo infantil en el Peru, 1995) * Cart Pullers - Some 200 children are estimated as cart pullers in the two main markets of the metropolitan Lima. (ILO-IPEC, Francisco Verdera, El trabajo infantil en el Peru, 1995) * Fireworks Industry - Children are employed in the production of fire crackers. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998) * Mining and Quarrying - In the Carabayllo district, Lima, due to the tough living conditions, the children are forced to work in the stone quarries. (ILO-IPEC, El trabajo infantil en America Latina - CD-ROM, August 1999) * Mining and Quarrying - Children are involved in gold mining in the Nasca Ocena zone of south Peru. (ILO, Small-scale Mines, 1999, citing Trabajo infantil en el centro minero artisanal de mollehuaca) * Mining and Quarrying - Child labourers were pressed into service through a recruitment system known as 'enganche.' Under this system, the children are provided free transportation to the mines and allegedly agree to work for at least 90 days before being paid. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Mining and Quarrying - In the informal gold mines many workers are under age 15, and some as young as 11. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Mining and Quarrying - There are a total of 500 child labourers in gold mining in Madre de Dios. 20% of the minors are between 11-18 years. (ILO-IPEC, Francisco Verdera, El trabajo infantil en el Peru, 1995) * Scavenging - An estimated 800 children sell trash . (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998) * Shrimp Farming - Children spend long hours submerged in the sea, extracting shrimp larvae for cultivation and eventual export. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998) Philippines ASSORTED STATISTICS * Routine inspections through November revealed 31 establishments nation-wide that employed a total of 50 children. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * The DOLE reported that it had begun to investigate reports that more than 17,000 children were engaged in hazardous work in the Cordillera Administrative Region. Most of the children reportedly worked in the mining and quarrying industry under supervision of their parents. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001 citing DOLE) * There are 2.2 million children who are engaged in hazardous and dangerous work. (ILO-IPEC, Children in Hazardous Work in the Philippines, 1999) * More than 2 million children were exposed to hazardous working environments, including quarries, mines and dockside. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Of the 3.7 million working children, more than 2 million have been exposed to hazardous environments. This is more in terms of the physical environment with temperature and humidity of the workplace reported as hazardous in 1.4 million cases. (Defining Hazardous Undertakings for Young Workers Below 18 years of Age: A Country Report, August 1997) * In 1991, 1.5 million children between 10-14 years of age were employed in hazardous condition in the plantations, sweat shops and the streets. (NGO Coalition for Monitoring the CRC, Supplementary Report on the Implementation of CRC, submission to the UN CRC, January 1995) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children are employed in the garment industry, agriculture, furniture-making and in gold mining, food processing, footwear, plastics, domestic service, the informal sector and fishing. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Many types of jobs carried out by children under 16 - scavengers, carwashers, market helpers, drug runners and prostitutes. (NGO Coalition for Monitoring the CRC, Supplementary Report on the Implementation of CRC, submission to the UN CRC, January 1995, quoting Mr. Rey Conferid, Executive Director of the Institute for Labour Studies) * Child labour is commonly found in wood and rattan furniture making, gold mining, food processing, fire works, pyrotechnics, footwear, plastic bag industry and moru-ami fishing (a method to catch elusive reef fish with special nets). (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - In the agricultural sector child workers typically work long hours and are exposed to toxic pesticides and other harmful chemicals. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Commercial Agriculture - In Mindanao plantation, children are employed for trimming and fertilizing plants and clearing irrigation ditches. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * Commercial Fishing - Children are employed in the docks of Mindanao and Visayan ports. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * Commercial Fishing - Children are employed in coastal fishing vessels as divers in a dangerous form of coral reef fishing. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * Commercial Fishing - According to the 1995 Philippines National Survey of Working Children, almost 7% of Filipino working children from 5-15 years of age are engaged in fishing. Children are employed in deep sea fishing operations, where they have to drive 10-100 feet to maneuver nets around coral reefs. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998, citing ILO, Targeting the Intolerable, November 1996) * Commercial Fishing - 15% of moru-ami fishers are children. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Agricultural Imports & Forced and Bonded Child Labor, 1995) * Fireworks Manufacturing - Children are employed in the production of fire crackers. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998) * Garment Manufacturing - Child labour in sub-contracting operations is prevalent in the garment industry. Children are engaged in trimming, embroidery and pleating. (US Dept of Labor, Industry and Codes of Conduct, 1996) * Garment Manufacturing - Child labour is frequent in the garment industry in Taal, Pandi and Mailbong Matanda areas. Removing of excess thread and folding, trimming, patching and embroidering of garments are works done by children. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Ma. Corazon J. Vencraeion, Sub-contracting Networks in the Garment industry in Bulacan, 1990) * Manufacturing - Children working in the manufacturing sector number around 500 000, with the garment and wood-based industries in Metro Manila and nearby provinces most noted for employing children. ("Clothes for the Rich from the Hands of the Poor", Child Workers in Asia, October-December 1993) * Mining and Quarrying - Children are involved in small-scale mining.(ILO, Small-scale Mines, 1999) * Mining and Quarrying - Children are employed in quarries. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998) * Rubber Plantations - In Tacul, about 20 children are engaged in the production of rubber. They are between 8 to 14 years old. But there are more who are 15,16 and 17 years old, these young workers number at least 30. In other words, there are at least 50 children aged 8 to 17 who are presently working in the rubber farms. (CWA, Alejandro W. Apit, "Children bleed trees for rubber - Child Labour in the Rubber Farms in the Philippines", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1997 October - December 1997) * Street Children - There were over 50,000 street children in Manila and over 100,000 nation-wide. Non-governmental figures put the number of street children nation-wide as much higher (over 1 million). Reportedly most were engaged in scavenging - begging. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Street Children - There are 800,000 street children. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997) * Street Children - There are 1.5 million working and street children. (NGO Coalition for Monitoring the CRC, Supplementary Report on the Implementation of CRC, submission to the UN CRC, January 1995) * Street Children - In Cebu, an estimated 5,000 street children roam the streets and urban barangays. This is according to a calculation made by the Cebu City Task Force on Street Children. These children are 5 to 20 years old. (CATW, The Fact Book on Global Sexual Exploitation, 1999) * Wood-based Industries - Of the total child labour in the furniture and wood industry, 88% were in industrial sites and 12% were in home-based units. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Institute of Industrial Relations, Child labour in Philippines-Wood-Based and Clothing Industries) Poland GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Inspectors found violations on stud farms, in restaurants, and, in some instances, in small private sector businesses and factories. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) Portugal ASSORTED STATISTICS * In a study from northern Portugal, 90 children aged 6-14 were found working in shoe, clothing, textile, ceramics, cork- and metal-working factories and workshops, on building sites, in cafes, restaurants and hotels, in butcher shops, grocer shops and bakeries, fishing ports, and selling goods in the street. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Most of the children were 14 or 15 and were working for low wages in textile and footwear factories or in the construction industry. ("Portugal Has 40,000 Child Workers", AP, 12 February 1999) * The two main labour federations and observers from other EU countries have charged that a number of companies in the footwear, textile, construction and hotel industries exploit child labour. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Children are engaged in the textile and shoe industry. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * According to the labour inspectorate, children are found mainly in the clothing, textile, and building industry and in hotels. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Child labour is mainly in Porto, Averio and Barga in clothing footwear, construction and hotel industry. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - The street children in Lisbon roam about alone or in small groups, begging, selling bandages, pencils or rulers, parking cars, pick-pocketing, getting involved in child prostitution and pornography. They also keep themselves busy by sniffing glue and selling drugs. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Street Children - In Portugal, the phenomenon of street children is officially recognised. Street children are mostly found in Lisbon. The Department of Social Action of Lisbon City Council reports the number more than 500 registered. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Street Children - Various sources indicate that the total number of street children is certainly more than 2,500 and could even be as high as 5,000. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) Qatar SPECIFIC SECTORS * Camel Racing - Children coming from South Asia and Africa for camel jockeying are very young. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * Camel Racing - Anti-Slavery International received photographs taken in April 1997 in Qatar of young camel jockeys believed to have come from Sudan. (CWA, Anti-Slavery International – Urgent Action on Child Labour, "Child Camel Jockeys in the Gulf States", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 & 3, April - September 1997) * Camel Racing - There is child exploitation in form of camel jockeying. (ICFTU-APRO, Sub-Regional Seminar on Child Labour, October 1993) Romania SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - A recent survey on street children found that the main types of work they did was agriculture, begging, delivery work, loading/unloading goods and prostitution. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Street Children - There are approximately 2,000 homeless children in Romania. (CATW Fact Book, citing Harold Briley, "Bitter winter for Romania's street children", BBC, 2 January 1998) * Street Children - According to Romanian Save the Children there are between 5,000 and 6,000 children in Bucharest who live on the streets. (June Kane, Sold for Sex, Aren Ashgate Publising Limited Gower House, 1998, citing ECPAT International, Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Some Eastern European Countries, March 1996) * Street Children - In Bucharest, the phenomenon of street children have been increasing since 1989. A 1993 survey showed that the number of street children had increased to 1,000, the majority being gypsies. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) Russian Federation GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * ICFTU research showed that the main forms of work for Russian children were casual employment in small business (motor garages, kiosks, cafes, laundries, etc) or street vending. (ICFTU, "World union calls for immediate action to prevent explosion of child labour in Russia", ICFTU Online, 15 September 1999, citing ICFTU, Russian Children: Their future in jeopardy, 1999) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Agriculture - While children have traditionally taken part in holiday activities on farms, there are signs that significant numbers of them working for longer hours than the law allowed. (ICFTU, "World union calls for immediate action to prevent explosion of child labour in Russia", ICFTU Online, 15 September 1999, citing ICFTU, Russian Children: Their future in jeopardy, 1999) * Street Children - The report cites cases of children as young as five years old who live in basements and on the streets of Moscow. (ICFTU, "World union calls for immediate action to prevent explosion of child labour in Russia", ICFTU Online, 15 September 1999, citing ICFTU, Russian Children: Their future in jeopardy, 1999) Rwanda - Saint Kitts and Nevis - Saint Lucia - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Samoa SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - Children frequently are seen hawking goods and food on Apia street corners. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) San Marino - Sao Tome and Principe GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * On plantations, and in informal commerce, children do work, sometimes from an early age. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Saudi Arabia SPECIFIC SECTORS * Camel Jockey - There were at least 20 cases in 1999 of underage camel jockeys who were repatriated to their countries of origin. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Camel Jockey - In September the Abu Dhabi police took into protective custody and repatriated a 10-year-old Pakistani boy who allegedly had been kidnapped from his village in Pakistan and brought to the UAE to work as a jockey in camel races. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Camel Jockey - Also in 1999, a 4-year-old boy from Bangladesh, who had been used as a camel jockey, was found wandering in the desert after being abandoned there by his handlers. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Begging - Trafficking in children for forced begging persists. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Begging - Criminal rings, consisting almost exclusively of foreigners, bought and imported South Asian children for the purpose of forced begging. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Begging - An estimated 1,000 to 1,500 Indian children are smuggled out every year to Saudi Arabia for begging during the Haj season. From Murshidabad (West Bengal) alone, some 400 children accompanied by their chachas leave every year, and not all of them return home again. ("How to earn big bucks: Rent a child to Chacha", The Asian Age, 16 March 1997, cited in Child Workers in Asia, April-September 1997)   Senegal SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - There is organised street begging by children. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Begging - According to studies by the Senegalese government, there are between 50,000 to 100,000 forced child beggars in Senegal alone. (CWA, "Child Prostitution in Vietnam", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 3, July -September 1994) Seychelles - Sierra Leone GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * In 2000 reports also emerged of armed groups forcing children to work in diamond fields under their control since the signing of the Lomè Accord in 1999. (CSUCS, Global Report on Child Soldiers - 2001) * A situational analysis carried out in Freetown and Bo indicates that over 50% of street children in these cities survive through exploitative labour. (ECPAT, CSEC Database, http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/index.asp) * Few children are involved in the industrial sector simply because the adult unemployment rate is so high. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - Children routinely work as petty vendors. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Singapore - Slovakia - Slovenia - Solomon Islands GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * The law forbids employment of children below 12 years of age. Children below 15 are barred from work in industry or on ships, and under 18 may not work underground or in mines. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) Somalia - South Africa GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Child labourers from Zimbabwe and Mozambique work in the country on commercial farms, for the taxi industry, or as domestic servants. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Brick Kilns - Nearly 200,000 children are employed in the brick-making industry. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * Commercial Agriculture - One out of every three child worker in South Africa was engaged in work related to commercial agriculture, i.e. 57% of child workers between 10-14 years is related to commercial agriculture. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour In Commercial Agriculture In South Africa, 27-30 August 1996) * Commercial Agriculture - In agricultural areas, over 60,000 children in the 10 to 14 age group, and over 63,000 children in the 15 to 17 age group worked. This represents 11% and 21.2% of children in these categories respectively. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour In Commercial Agriculture In South Africa, 27-30 August 1996) * Street Children - Street children are forced to scavenge, begging and vending. (IWGCL, Working Children: Reconsidering the Debates, 1998) Spain GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children work in small shops, restaurants, bars, seasonal work, help at the market, home work for the textile industry and other small industries. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Child work include street selling, shoe-cleaning, begging and various forms of refuse and waste collection. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Children work in shops, bars, agricultural jobs, street markets, selling, and cleaning car windows at traffic lights. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Farming - In 1998 UNICEF called for an investigation into child labour on tomato farms in Badajoz. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) * Commercial Agriculture - A Red Cross estimate on child labour in tomato cultivation in Badajoz states that 200 children, mostly of Portuguese origin are working for 10 hours a day at a wage less than $14 a day. Most of them are less than 16 years. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * Footwear Manufacturing - Small sub-contracting businesses, and in particular the shoe industry, are known to use child labour. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) Sri Lanka GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children employed in plantation industry, gem mining industry and fishing industry. (ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Sri Lanka, October 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - Begging in the street is also an occupation that places children at most risk. (ILO-IPEC, Country Paper: Sri Lanka, September 1999) * Camel Racing - Recruitment of children for camel riding has become a serious child labour problem. Children are trafficked to the Middle East for camel-jockeying. (ILO-IPEC, Country Paper: Sri Lanka, September 1999) * Camel Racing - Children are trafficked for camel-jockeying. (DCI, International Child Rights Monitor, July to December 1992) * Commercial Fishing - One of the most destructive forms of child labour in Sri Lanka prevails in the fishing industry. Children are recruited in the fishing 'vaadiyas'. Vaadiyas are very remote and children are kept in conditions of virtual slavery. (ILO-IPEC, Country Paper: Sri Lanka, September 1999) * Restaurants and Hotels - An estimated 100,000 children are employed in occupations such as food catering. (UNICEF Innocenti Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999, citing University of Manila, A Study of Child Domestic Workers in Metro Manila, 1997) * Street Children - On the streets children work as vendors and child prostitutes. (ILO-IPEC, Country Paper: Sri Lanka, September 1999) * Street Children - There are 10,000 street children and an annual increase of 2,000 is predicted. (ILO-IPEC, Sri Lanka Country Report, October 1998, citing Plan of Action for Children in Sri Lanka) * Street Children - 950 Street children in Colombo and 1,500 in the entire island. (ILO-IPEC, Sri Lanka Country Report, October 1998, citing Redd Barna, 1995) Sudan GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children employed in factories at UM Ruwaba, including that produces edible oils. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Camel Racing - Anti-Slavery International received photographs taken in April 1997 in Qatar of young camel jockeys believed to have come from Sudan. (CWA), Anti-Slavery International – Urgent Action on Child Labour, "Child Camel Jockeys in the Gulf States", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 & 3, April - September 1997) Suriname GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children under 14 years of age work as street vendors, newspaper sellers, or shop assistants. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Swaziland SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - There is a growing number of street children in Mbabane and Manzini. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Sweden - Switzerland - Syria - Tajikistan GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Many children under 10 years of age work in the bazaars or sell newspapers or consumables on the street. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) Tanzania NATIONAL STATISTICS * According to estimates, some 30,000 children are employed in hazardous work places, 5,000 in plantations and 3,000 in mining. ("At Least 400,000 In Dreadful Child Labor In Tanzania", TOMRIC Agency, 8 June 2000) * 30,000 children are engaged in hazardous employment. (ILO, World of Work, February 1999) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children reportedly are trafficked to work in mines and other businesses. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * In the informal sector, children assist their parents in unregulated piecework manufacturing. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Child labour is prevalent in sisal plantations gemstone mining and cotton ginneries. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - In the areas of this study in Iringa and Urambo a total of 100 working children were sampled. Out of these 61 (61%) were boys and 39 (39%) were girls. (ILO-IPEC, A. Masudi et all, Tanzania, Child Labour in Commercial Agriculture - Tobacco: A Rapid Assessment, Geneva, November 2001) * Commercial Agriculture - While the average number of hours children worked in Iringa was about eight hours, those in Urambo worked about twelve hours. Some children in Urambo worked for between fifteen to seventeen hours, and some reported to have worked for over seventeen hours. (ILO-IPEC, A. Masudi et all, Tanzania, Child Labour in Commercial Agriculture - Tobacco: A Rapid Assessment, Geneva, November 2001) * Commercial Agriculture - The study has revealed that the four key locations i.e. Nitin, Shah, Tinga Tinga and Kiran coffee plantations employed around 1,200 children during the picking season. The majority of the children who work on the coffee plantation were aged 10 to 14 years. (ILO-IPEC, George S. Nchahaga, Tanzania, Children Working in Commercial Agriculture - Coffee: A Rapid Assessment, Geneva January 2002) * Commercial Agriculture - It is estimated that about 1000 children work in hazardous conditions in the commercial agriculture tea sector both in Lushoto and Rungwe districts. (ILO-IPEC, C. Kadonya et all, Tanzania, Child Labour in the Informal Sector: A Rapid Assessment, No. 14 Geneva, January 2002) * Commercial Agriculture - According to ICFTU, in 2000, there about 5,000 children engaged in seasonal employment on sisal, tea, tobacco and coffee plantations. (IUF/ITGA/BAT - Child Labour in the Tobacco Growing Sector in Africa , Line Eldring, Sabata Nakanyane, Malehoko Tshoaedi, Nairobi 8-9 October 2000)   * Commercial Agriculture - In Iringa rural district, about 600 km from Dar es Salaam, an estimated 1,200 to 1,500 boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 15 are seasonally employed in tobacco estates to work under hazardous conditions with little pay. (ILO, "Finding ways to fight: child labour in Tanzania", World of Work, February 1999) * Commercial Agriculture - Work on sisal plantations is particularly hazardous and detrimental to children. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Commercial Agriculture - Children in the 7-15 year-old age group were found to be working on the clove plantations every year during two seasons, and have been doing so since early childhood, as early as 5 years of age, when they accompanied their parents to work. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Commercial Agriculture in Africa, 27-30 August 1996) * Commercial Agriculture - Children in the age group of 12-15 years were found to be working on the coffee plantations. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Commercial Agriculture in Africa, 27-30 August 1996) * Commercial Agriculture - Children in the 7-15 year-old age group were also found to be engaged on the green algae(seaweed) farms. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Commercial Agriculture in Africa, 27-30 August 1996) * Commercial Agriculture - On sugar plantations, children work eight to ten hours a day, especially during the weeding season. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Commercial Agriculture in Africa, 27-30 August 1996) * Commercial Agriculture - 12-14 age group children do all the manual and machine-based work in sisal plantations. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) * Garage Workshops - About 96 percent of all working children in garage activities are between ages 14 to 17. (ILO-IPEC, C. Kadonya et all, Tanzania, Child Labour in the Informal Sector: A Rapid Assessment, No. 14 Geneva, January 2002) * Mining and Quarrying - Children below the age of 18 years were involved in different activities related to the mining sector, the largest group being children aged between 14-17 years, who accounted for 59% of the total number of children interviewed. (ILO-IPEC, J. A. Mwami et all, Tanzania Children Labour in Mining: A Rapid Assessment, Geneva, January 2002) * Mining and Quarrying - From 1,500 to 3,000 children work in unregulated gemstone mines. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Mining and Quarrying - Children are involved in mining activity. In Merevani, near Arusha, 150 children between 12-15 years are working as 'snake boys' in tanzanite mines. (ILO, Small-scale Mines, 1999) * Mining and Quarrying - Children are employed in small-scale gold mines. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * Rubber Plantations - On the rubber plantations children constitute nearly 15% of the total labour force. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Commercial Agriculture in Africa, 27-30 August 1996) * Scavenging Activities - In scavenging activities at Vingunguti garbage site in Dar Es Salaam, the City Officials estimated 40 to 80 children scavenging daily. (ILO-IPEC, C. Kadonya et all, Tanzania, Child Labour in the Informal Sector: A Rapid Assessment, No. 14 Geneva, January 2002) TFYR Macedonia - Thailand ASSORTED STATISTICS * Child labour is more in the non-agricultural sector. Department of Labour Protection and Welfare estimates show 95,000 to 100,000 children working in small-scale establishments.(ILO-IPEC, Implementation Report, 1992-95) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * In 1996, there were almost 200,000 foreign children from Burma, Laos and Cambodia who had been trafficked in to Thailand for prostitution and work at construction sites and sweatshops. (CATW Fact Book, citing "Trafficking of children on the rise", Bangkok Post, 22 July 1998, citing IPSR) * Trafficked children were also found on construction sites and in sweatshops.(CATW Fact Book, citing "Trafficking of children on the rise", Bangkok Post, 22 July 1998, citing IPSR) * In the urban setting, children working outside the commercial sex industry are employed in the service sector, primarily at gas stations and restaurants. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Numerous sweatshops employ children in harsh conditions. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Children work in fisheries, construction, industrial and factory work, the service sector, and agriculture, in 14 border provinces and the Bangkok area. (CATW Fact Book, "More foreign workers join sex industry", Bangkok Post, 24 November 1997, citing Professor Kusol Sunthorntada of IPSR) * Chinese children are trafficked from Laos to Thailand for prostitution and sweatshop work. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour: Trends and Challenges in Asia, August 1997) * Children work in food packaging and processing factories, factories producing garments, leather, plastics, accessories etc. (CWA, Panudda Boonpala, "Review of Child Labour Situation, Thailand", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 1, January - March 1994) * In the service and commercial sector, children are employed in households, shops, restaurants, markets, gas stations, and different types of transportation systems. Included in this sector are children working on the street. Figures are not available in these sectors. Even less is known about the situation of children in construction work, farming and other types of agricultural work. (CWA, Panudda Boonpala, "Review of Child Labour Situation, Thailand", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 1, January - March 1994) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - In a 1990 survey, it was found that there were 7,500 children aged 13 years who were individually engaged in paid employment in agriculture. (ABC-CLIO, Sandy Hobbs et al, Child Labor: A World History Companion, 1999) * Commercial Fishing - The results of a survey in Pattani province, in Thailand revealed - About 7,080 child labourers were identified, i.e. 269 children working at sorting fish; 148 children in factories; 1,408 children aboard fishing boats and 5,255 children working at fishing in villages. (PPATand UNICEF, K. Nitiruangjaras et all, Child Labour in Fishing Industry- Pattani Province, Thailand, October 1998) * Begging - Statistics from the Department of Social Welfare indicate there were 1,062 child beggars in 1999. Of these children 80 were Thai and 982 were foreign. (ILO-IPEC, Children in Prostitution, Pornography and Illicit Activities, September 1999) * Begging - Increasing children found begging have come to Thailand from countries like Cambodia, Burma and Bangladesh. These children are usually between 6-10 years or either traveled to Thailand on their own or were brought by beggar gangs and agents. Organised criminal gangs recruit and even kidnap children from neighbouring countries. (ILO-IPEC, Children in Prostitution, Pornography and Illicit Activities, September 1999) * Begging - 500 children were trafficked from Cambodia to Thailand for begging. (ILO-IPEC, Trafficking in children for labour exploitation in Mekong Sub-region, July 1998) * Commercial Fishing - Children in Thailand clean and sell sea food, at constant risk of injury from sharp knives and tools. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998, citing IPSR, Kerry Richter et al, Child Labour in Thailand's Fishing industry, 1995) * Commercial Fishing - 2,442 children work in deep-sea fishing. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Agricultural Imports & Forced and Bonded Child Labour, 1995) * Manufacturing - Bangkok had 1.4 million children working in underground manufacturing units. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing "Little Hands Grasp for Prosperity", Child Workers in Asia, July-September 1993) * Street Children - There are over 17,400 street children. (ILO-IPEC, Children in Prostitution, Pornography and Illicit Activities, September 1999) * Street Children - Street Children and child beggars can be found in every region of the country, including Chiang Mai in the north, Khon Kaen in the north east, Had Yai in the south and around major tourist spots such as Pattaya in the east. (ILO-IPEC, Children in Prostitution, Pornography and Illicit Activities, September 1999) * Street Children - The Asian economic crisis has lead to an increase in street children in Thailand. Before the crisis the majority (80%) of street children where from poor families; in 1998, 10-15% of the children are from middle class families. The children are involved in prostitution, drugs, and begging. According to official estimates there are 15,000 street children. (CATW Fact Book, citing "Expert says Thailand turns into hub of child trafficking", Bangkok Post, 22 September 1998) * Street Children - There were 14,250 homeless children in 1997, up from 13,227 in 1996. Most are between eight and 14 years of age, 90% are boys. More than 5,000 are in Bangkok, in places such as Hua Lampong train station, parks or 'red light' districts. They survive by begging, washing cars, collecting plastic bottles or by prostitution. (CATW Fact Book, citing Ratchada Chitrada, "Street teachers help overcome false starts", News-Scan International Ltd, 2 October 1997, citing The National Committee on Social Welfare) Togo GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * A study has shown that children are trafficked from Togo to Gabon, Nigeria, the Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso and also on occasions to countries in Europe for use as domestic servants, market traders, child beggars and prostitutes. (WAO-Afrique, Child Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999) * Young children can be seen in the market carrying heavy loads and selling. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) Tonga - Trinidad and Tobago GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * There is no organised exploitation of child labour, but children are often seen begging or working as street vendors. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - In 1977 a study sponsored by UNICEF, A Situational Analysis of Children in Extremely Difficult Circumstances in Trinidad and Tobago, revealed that the phenomena of street children was intensifying. (ILO Caribbean Office, Country Profile: Trinidad and Tobago, February 1999) Tunisia SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - Young children often work as vendors in urban areas. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Turkey ASSORTED STATISTICS * Child labour is used most often in small-sized enterprises. According to official data, 87% of working children are employed by small-sized enterprises, 7% work in medium-size enterprises, and 6% are employed by large-scale enterprises. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Children employed at work sites and homes constitute 5% of the total working population. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * The informal sector provides work for young boys at low wages, for example, in auto repair shops. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Children engage in carpet weaving and forestry work. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Tasks performed by children are street peddling and work in bakeries and local industries. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Children are mostly employed in the metal, shoe, woodworking, and agricultural sectors. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Brick Factories - Children above the age of 10 work in brick factories. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) * Street Children - There are many thousands of street children, and most of them are boys. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) Turkmenistan - Tuvalu - Uganda GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * In urban areas, children peddle small items on the streets or beg for money. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - 80% of the employers in this sector have children as part of their labour force. (ANPPCAN Uganda Chapter, Liza Sekaggya, e-mail to GMIS, 8 June 2000) * Commercial Agriculture - In the tea industry, 10% of the labour force is children working in all stages like picking, weeding and spraying herbicides. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child Labor, 1997, citing the US Embassy in Kampala, Unclassified telegram no. 3114, 4 June 1997) * Street Children - A study done in 11 out of the 48 districts in Uganda confirmed that 3,827 of the children are street children. 14% are living and working on the street full-time and 86% are on the street part-time. (ANPPCAN Uganda Chapter, Liza Sekaggya, e-mail to GMIS, 8 June 2000) Ukraine - United Arab Emirates SPECIFIC SECTORS * Camel Racing - According to credible sources, there were at least 25 cases during the year of underage camel jockeys who were repatriated to their countries of origin, mainly Pakistan and Bangladesh. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2001, March 2002) * Camel Racing - There have been reports in recent years that underage boys are smuggled into the country and used as camel jockeys. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Camel Racing - In 1993, the law was introduced to fix the age of camel jockeys as 15 years but this law is not effectively observed. (US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998) * Camel Racing - For many years, boys, from the age of six and sometimes younger, have been trafficked from countries in South Asia to the Gulf to supply the demand for camel jockeys. (CWA, Anti-Slavery International – Urgent Action on Child Labour, "Child Camel Jockeys in the Gulf States", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 & 3, April - September 1997) United Kingdom SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - Research indicated that there are many thousands of street children. (EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998) United States of America ASSORTED STATISTICS * 225 children under 14 working in hazardous industries.(US Dept of Labor, Operation Child Watch) * Over 20,000 minors illegally employed. (US Dept of Labor, Operation Child Watch) * 1,450 between 14-17 years are working in hazardous industries. (US Dept of Labor, Operation Child Watch) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Underage child workers are employed in such industries as meatpacking, construction, in sawmills and furniture factories, as well as in the informal sector. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Farmwork - Children working on U.S. farms often worked twelve-hour days, sometimes beginning at 3:00 or 4:00 a.m. They reported routine exposure to dangerous pesticides that cause cancer and brain damage, with short-term symptoms including rashes, headaches, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Young farmworkers became dizzy from labouring in 100/F temperatures without adequate access to drinking water, and were forced to work without access to toilets or hand washing facilities. (HRW, World Report 2001) * Commercial Agriculture - Agriculture was the most dangerous occupation open to children in the United States and caused high rates of injury from work with knives, other sharp tools, and heavy equipment. (HRW, World Report 2001) * Commercial Agriculture - An estimated 100,000 children suffered agriculture-related injuries during the year. (HRW, World Report 2001) * Commercial Agriculture - In the United States, over 300,000 children worked as hired labourers on commercial farms, frequently under dangerous and grueling conditions. (HRW, World Report 2001) * Commercial Agriculture - An estimated 155,000, 15-17-year-olds worked in agriculture in 1997. (US GAO, Child Labor In Agriculture, August 1998) * Commercial Agriculture - The greatest number of children employed unlawfully work in the agricultural and the horticultural sectors. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Garment Manufacturing - Some 14,000 children under the age of 14, and as young as 9 years, work in garment 'sweatshops'. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) * Street Children - In New York City there are around 20,000 children on the streets. (International Catholic Child Bureau, Children Worldwide) * Street Children - There are 20,000 street children. (UNICEF, Report on Trafficking of Children for Prostitution,1998) Uruguay GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Many children work as street vendors in the expanding informal sector or in the agrarian sector. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) Uzbekistan - Vanuatu - Venezuela SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Children - There were reports of trafficking in children from other South American countries to work in Caracas as street vendors and housemaids. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Street Children - Children are being trafficked from Ecuador to Venezuela. The children work in virtual slavery conditions as street vendors, domestic workers and prostitutes. They are abducted, sold by parents or lured by false promises. (CATW Fact Book, citing Vladimir Villegas, Congressional Human Rights Commission, Estrella Gutierrez, "Child Traffic in Venezuela Tip of the Iceberg", IPS, 11 January 1998) Vietnam ASSORTED STATISTICS * 22,000 children work in hazardous industries. (UNICEF, State of the World's Children, 1995) GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * A less visible group of working children can be found in small-scale factories, many of which can be found in the Govab District of Ho Chi Minh City. These factories produce cheap goods for the local market and employ many child workers. (Taneeya Runcharoen, "The Child Workers of Hochiminh City", Child Workers in Asia, April-June 1994) * On almost every street in Ho Chi Minh City, children can be seen selling newspapers, magazines, pornographic books, lottery tickets, cigarettes, chewing gum etc. Some children work as shoe-shine boys, street vendors and mechanics, while others are scavengers or beggars. (Taneeya Runcharoen, "The Child Workers of Hochiminh City", Child Workers in Asia, April-June 1994) * There are also children working as helpers or assistants in restaurants, wayside shops and canteens; hawkers, newspaper vendors, porters, sweepers and scavengers; children working in small workshops and repair shops; and helpers engaged in breaking stones, brick-making, mining, unloading goods and collecting rags and garbage. (Vu Ngoc Binh, "Vietnam Realities", Child Workers in Asia, July-September 1994) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Candy Production - In one candy factory, children between the ages of 5-12 years work alongside adult workers, wrapping sugarcane and nut candy. (Taneeya Runcharoen, "The Child Workers of Hochiminh City", Child Workers in Asia, April-June 1994) * Mining and Quarrying - In 1997 UNICEF cited evidence of children working in gold mines. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Mining and Quarrying - Children are involved in small-scale gold mining. (ILO, Small-scale Mines, 1999) * Scavenging - Children work as rubbish collectors. (Child Workers in Asia, January-March 1995) * Street Children - Children having to eke out a living on the streets are increasing in number by an average 22% each year. Last year 23,237 children were living rough on the streets compared with 19,047 in 1998 and 12,749 in 1996. ("Statistics paint grim picture of children's sad plight in Vietnam", Vietnam Investment Review, 11/9/2000) * Street Children - In Vietnam there are 50,000 street children of whom 14,000 are to be found in Ho Chi Minh City and 7,000 in Hanoi. (ABC-CLIO, Sandy Hobbs et al, Child Labor: A World History Companion, 1999, citing Binh Vu Ngoc, Child Labour in Vietnam, 1995) * Street Children - The Vietnam Youth Association (VNYA) estimates that there are 50,000 children living and working on the streets. (Taneeya Runcharoen, "The Child Workers of Hochiminh City", Child Workers in Asia, April-June 1994) Yemen GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * In urban areas, children work in stores and workshops, sell goods on the streets, and beg. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Begging - In the capital Sana'a, there are about 7,000 begging children. The economic crisis within the country and lack of social security benefits into children, force many families to push their children for begging. (Yemeni NGO Coalition for Children's Rights, The Alternative Report on the Implementation of the CRC, submission to the UN CRC, January 1996) * Commercial Agriculture - 32% of the working children are in oat plantations. (ILO-IPEC, Amal Dibo, Child Labour in Few Countries of the Arab Region, 1999) Yugoslavia SPECIFIC SECTORS * Street Vending - In urban areas, children commonly engage in street vending. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001) Zambia GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * Children are employed in small scale mining, fishing etc. (UNICEF Zambia, Child Labour in Zambia: A briefing note, March 1997) * Children are involved in the urban informal sector e.g. stone crushing, carrying heavy blocks, street vending, garbage picking etc. (UNICEF Zambia, Child Labour in Zambia: A briefing note, March 1997) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - Children are involved in commercial farming. (UNICEF Zambia, Child Labour in Zambia: A briefing note, March 1997) * Street Children - The number of street children in Lusaka jumped from 35,000 in 1991 to 90,000 in 1998, partly because of the growing number of parents who have died from AIDS. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Street Children - Street children are mostly males and between 7-14 years. Current estimates indicate that the population of street children in Zambia is 75,000 including 52,000 between 6-14 years and 23,000 between 15-18 years. 61% of street girl children are between 7-14 years. (G. Lungwangwa, Street Children in Zambia: A Situation Analysis, December 1996) * Street Vending - In urban areas children commonly engage in street vending. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998) Zimbabwe GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS * In a study by the Zimbabwe Council for the Welfare of Children, it was found that the young children on the street were selling cooked food, collecting refuse and possibly engaging in prostitution. (ECPAT, Interdepartmental Project on the Elimination of Child Labour, Towards Action Against Child Labour in Zimbabwe, March 1997) SPECIFIC SECTORS * Commercial Agriculture - A study notes that on the large-scale farms, children below 16 years of age are employed in tea, cotton and coffee-picking, apple harvesting and tobacco growing. (Child Labour in Commercial Agriculture in Africa, 27-30 August 1996) * Commercial Agriculture - Trade union officials stated that children were working in both direct and indirect forms of employment, doing general work picking cotton, removing insects from tobacco leaves, loading and off-loading tobacco, spraying pesticides, herding animals and doing household work. (ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Commercial Agriculture in Africa, 27-30 August, 1996) * Commercial Agriculture - The most recent survey in February 1990 in large scale farming area in Marcelonaland Central indicated that about 35,000 children have worked at some point, directly or indirectly, for a large-scale farm employer. (ECPAT, Interdepartmental Project on the Elimination of Child Labour, Towards Action Against Child Labour in Zimbabwe, March 1997) * Mining and Quarrying - Children work mostly in the chrome mining sector and gold panning. (US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994) * Street Children - There are an estimated 12,000 homeless street children in the country. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000) * Street Children - A study of 520 children in 5 urban centres found that 85% of street children were mainly working to supplement family income, and only 15% of the sample lived, slept and worked on the street. (ECPAT, Interdepartmental Project on the Elimination of Child Labour, Towards Action Against Child Labour in Zimbabwe, March 1997) * Street Children - Boys who made up 70% of the street children, guarded and washed motor vehicles, carried shopping good, sold fruit, sweets and cigarette, recovered scrap materials and made and sold scrap metal toys. (ECPAT, Interdepartmental Project on the Elimination of Child Labour, Towards Action Against Child Labour in Zimbabwe, March 1997)