|
Country |
Hazardous
Child Labour |
| Afghanistan
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children between
6 and 14 years of age, often work to support their families by collecting
paper and firewood, shining shoes, begging or collecting scrap metal from
the street debris in the cities. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Albania
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* Around 300
children are on the streets of Tirana selling cigarettes, sweets
etc. (CRCA,
Dr. Aurela Pano, Albanian Children and Children's Rights in Albania,
04/11/1999)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street
Vending - In Tirana and other cities, it is common to see
children selling cigarettes and other items on the street. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
* Begging - Within
the country, Romani children often work as beggars. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Algeria
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Vending -
Economic necessity compels many children to resort to informal employment,
such as street vending. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Andorra
|
- |
| Angola
|
LOCAL STATISTICS
* The UNICEF
in 1998 estimated that there were approximately 5,000 street children
in Luanda. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001 citing UNICEF)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Street children
shine shoes, wash cars, and carry water, but many resort to petty
crime, begging, and prostitution in order to survive. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
|
| Antigua
and Barbuda |
- |
| Argentina
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Commercial Agriculture
- In a 1997 report, UNICEF stated that of 252,000 children between the
ages of 6 and 14, 68,500 employed in the rural areas, principally harvesting
tea and tobacco. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Mechanic Workshops
- Of the 400 workers in mechanic workshop in the city of Santiago of Esteco,
10% are below 14 years. (ILO-IPEC, El trabajo
infantil en Argentina, 1994)
* Street Children
- A study by UNICEF speculates the existence of some 30,000 street children
in the urban centres of the country. (ILO-IPEC,
El trabajo infantil en Argentina, 1994)
|
| Armenia
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Children
- Street children remain a significant problem. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Australia
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* Children are
working in horrific conditions and more than 1,600 child workers
being seriously injured or maimed each year. ("Aussie
sweatshops using child labour", The Straits Times, 27 October, 1998,
citing a joint investigation by The Sydney Morning Herald and The
Age newspapers)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Chimney Sweeping
- It is still legal to send young children up the chimneys in New
South Wales and in Victoria, and to put children as young as 7 to
work for eight hours between 6.00 am and 11.00 pm, as long as a
permit has been obtained. (Phil
Gardner, "Child labour: A growth industry of the 1990s", World Socialist
Web Site, 21 November 1998)
* Garment Manufacturing
- Several children were discovered in clothing sweatshops in Sydney and
Melbourne. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1999)
* Garment Manufacturing
- An estimated 70,000 children working up to 20 hours or more a week
in backyard sweatshops in the clothing industry, exposed to hazards.
("Aussie sweatshops using child labour",
The Straits Times, Singapore, 27 October 1998)
* Garment Manufacturing
- The Textile Clothing and Footwear Union estimates that 82,500
children under 16 years of age are now working in the clothing industry,
usually at home alongside their parents, out of a total workforce
of 329 000. (Phil
Gardner, "Child labour : A growth industry of the 1990s", World
Socialist Web Site, 21 November 1998)
* Garment Manufacturing
- Some 36,000 children are toiling in the backyard garment industry
in Victoria. (Phil
Gardner, "Child labour : A growth industry of the 1990s", World
Socialist Web Site, 21 November 1998)
* Retail Sector
- A major sector where children are employed in large number is
the retail industry. (Phil
Gardner, "Child labour : A growth industry of the 1990s", World
Socialist Web Site, 21 November 1998)
|
| Austria
|
- |
| Azerbaijan
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Begging - Children
beg on the streets of Baku and other towns.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Bahamas
|
- |
| Bahrain
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Some children work
in the market areas as car washers and porters. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Bangladesh
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* A research
report conducted in six divisional cities shows that children are
involved in 430 types of economic activities and 67 activities out
of them are hazardous. Thirty (30) organizations are proving different
services to 11,15,725 children in six divisions. (BSAF, Situation
of Child Labor Report - 2001)
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* The government
of Bangladesh performed a survey of 1,821 factories and found that
half of them employed children. In these factories, 10,500 children
were working and 40% of the children were between the ages of 10
and 12. (UNICEF,
State of the World's Children, 1997)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children drive
rickshaws, break bricks at construction sites, carry fruit, vegetables,
and dry goods for shoppers at markets, work at tea stalls, and work
as beachcombers in the shrimp industry. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 2000)
* Children are
labouring in garment factories and engineering workshops, in the
construction sector, as bus or tempo (three-wheeler transport) helpers,
in the bidi factories, as roadside restaurant workers and
street vendors and in tea plantations and other agricultural sectors.
(Nishanthi
Priyangika, "Child labour on the increase in Bangladesh", World
Socialist Web Site, 3/11/1999)
* There are
some 40 industries in Bangladesh, which use child labour, often
under hazardous conditions and with little regard for health and
safety. (Nishanthi
Priyangika, "Child labour on the increase in Bangladesh", World
Socialist Web Site, 3/11/1999, citing UNICEF's Asian Child Labour
Report, 1999)
* In urban areas,
around 43% of child workers are day labourers, in a wide range of
occupations including construction, manufacturing, factory, hotel/restaurant
and domestic work. (An
Alternative Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child,
submission to the UN CRC, 1997)
* Children work
in chemical, metal factories. (ICFTU,
No Time to Play, 1996)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Begging -
Increasing children found begging have come to Thailand from countries
like Cambodia, Burma and Bangladesh. These children are usually
between 6-10, years who have either travelled to Thailand on their
own or were brought by beggar gangs and agents. (ILO-IPEC,
Children in Prostitution, Pornography and Illicit Activities, September
1999)
* Bidi Industry
- The children are forced to engage themselves in bidi production
at early age of their life. The average entry level of age is 7.66.
The average age of entry level of male and female children in bidi
producing is 7.79 and 7.55 years respectively.
(ILO, Md. Omar Farrukh, Report on
Child Labour in Bidi Industry in Rangpur District, June 2001)
* Bidi Industry
- The total number of bidi labour in the survey area in 26,982;
of them 15544 is child labour. This indicates that about 58% of
the total work force is children while remaining 42% are adult workers
engaged in the process of bidi production. 7,413 male and 8,131
female. (ILO, Md. Omar Farrukh, Report
on Child Labour in Bidi Industry in Rangpur District, June 2001)
* Bidi Rolling
- Many children work in the bidi (hand-rolled cigarette)
industry.
(US
Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999,
25 February 2000)
* Camel Jockey
- Some children are also trafficked to the Middle East to work as
camel jockeys. (US
Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999,
25 February 2000)
* Camel
Jockey - Bangladeshi children are used as camel
jockeys, a cruel and dangerous 'sport' popular on the Arabian Peninsula.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
*
Camel Jockey - Possibly about 50 to 100 boys, aged about 8 to 15, some
even younger, are being trafficked from Bangladesh to the Gulf countries
for use as drivers for camel races. Offering sexual favours is a secondary
activity in most instances. (CWA, Brother Jarlath de Souza, "Trafficking in Children: Bangladesh", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 12, No. 3, July - September 1996)
* Construction - 30% of construction workers are minors. (ICFTU,
No Time to Play, 1996)
* Shrimp Farming -
Children involved in collecting shrimp fry shrimp larvae.
(US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998, citing Grameen Trust, "Effects
of Shrimp Fry Collection on Primary Education", 1995) .
* Leather Tanning
- Virtually all of the 300 leather tanneries in Dhaka, employed
young boys. (Nishanthi
Priyangika, "Child labour on the increase in Bangladesh", World
Socialist Web Site, 3/11/1999, citing a study by Professor A.J.
Weeramunda of the University of Colombo)
* Leather Tanning
- Children under 18 years sometimes work in hazardous circumstances in
the leather industry. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Barbados
|
- |
| Belarus
|
- |
| Belgium
|
- |
| Belize
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Commercial Agriculture
- In rural areas, children are reported to be involved in agriculture-they
work in the sugarcane, citrus, banana and rice industries. (ILO
Caribbean Office, Country Profile: Belize, February 1999)
* Street Children
- The police and the Department of Women's Affairs both estimate that there
are just over 100 street children. (ILO Caribbean
Office, Country Profile: Belize, February 1999)
* Street Vending -
Growing number of children can be seen selling newspapers, snacks and other
items on the street. (ILO Caribbean Office,
Country Profile: Belize, February 1999)
|
|
Benin
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Vending
- Children
commonly work as street vendors. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* In February
one report estimated that 75% of apprentices working as seamstresses,
hairdressers, carpenters, and mechanics were younger than 15 years
of age. Most of these apprentices are also under the legal age of
14 for apprenticeship. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
|
| Bhutan
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Construction - A
UNICEF study suggested that children as young as 11 are sometimes employed
with road-building teams.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Bolivia
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Urban children sell
goods, shine shoes, and assist transport operators. Rural children often
work with parents from an early age.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Practices of child
apprenticeship and agricultural servitude by indigenous workers exist in
the country. Some rural indigenous workers are kept in a state of virtual
slavery by employers.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Bosnia
and Herzegovina |
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Begging -
There have been credible but unconfirmed reports that children are
trafficked to work in begging rings. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
|
| Botswana
|
- |
| Brazil
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* The government estimates
that 60,000 children work in unhealthy conditions.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* About 7,860 children
and adolescents in eight cities in Rio de Janeiro are working in painful
and unhealthy conditions according to ILO. (Child
Labour in Brazil, 10 August 1998)
GENERAL NOTES AND
OBSERVATIONS
* Many children are forced
by economic necessity to work alongside their parents in cane fields, cutting
hemp, or feeding wood into charcoal ovens; frequent accidents, unhealthy
working conditions, and squalor are common in these cases.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Children work in
industries, like leather processing, gold and tin mining, distilleries,
plastics, and on tea plantations. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Child labour
exists in wood pulp, handicrafts, electronic, leather processing
and gold mining industries. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Begging - Many
children beg on the streets of cities.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Charcoal Production
- There is forced child labour/debt-bonded child labour in the charcoal
industry. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Anti-Slavery
International, Alison Sulton, Slavery in Brazil, 1994)
* Commercial
Agriculture - Sugar cane growers illegally employ children and adolescents
ranging from 7 to 17 years of age, many cutting cane with machetes.
The charcoal industry, hemp cultivators in the northeast, and orange
growers are using illegal child labour. Children also perform various
tasks in the mining and logging industries in the Amazon region.
In addition, although both the Government and the industry have
made strong efforts to eliminate it, there is still some child labour
in the shoe industry.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Commercial
Agriculture - In Brazil's tea plantations, children can be found
working from the age of seven. (ABC-CLIO,
Sandy Hobbs et al, Child Labor: A World History Companion, 1999)
* Commercial
Agriculture - Considerable numbers of children work under conditions
approximating forced labour or debt-bondage on plantations. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Commercial
Agriculture - A report published by the Sergipe state government
in 1997 stated that 10,000 children and adolescents between the
age of 6 and 18 were part of the labour force in the orange-growing
region, with 54 % between the ages of 7 and 14.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Commercial
Agriculture - An estimated 3 million children are engaged in the
plantations. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Agricultural Imports
& Forced and Bonded Child Labour, 1995)
* Commercial
Agriculture - 10% of 15,000 are under 18 in the municipality of
Sertaozinho in the Sugar Cane Plantations. (ICFTU,
No Time to Play, 1996)
* Commercial
Agriculture - In the state of Pernambuco, nearly 54,000 children
between 7 and 13 work in sugar cane fields. (SEJUP
website, citing Folha de Sao Paulo)
* Commercial Agriculture
- 150,000 children are employed in orange harvesting.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child
Labour, 1998)
* Footwear Manufacturing
- Of the 7,000 persons working in the sub-contracting of shoe parts,
1,300 were children under the legal age of 14. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing CIA, World
Fact Book, 1993)
* Footwear Manufacturing
- Child Labour is rampant in home-based and sub-contracting operations
in Brazil's two major footwear producing regions.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child
Labor, 1997)
* Garment Manufacturing
- More than half of the children under the age of 14 are employed
in the clothing and textile industry as weavers who sometimes operate
heavy industrial machinery. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing "Child labour
accounts for 18% of work force", AP, 2 January 1994)
* Mining and
Quarrying - Considerable numbers of children work under conditions
approximating forced labour or debt-bondage in the mining industry.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
*
Mining and Quarrying - Of the 3,500 people working in tin-ore mine
in the state of Rondonia States, 600 were children. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing report by
the Brazilian National Department for Mineral Production)
* Scavenging
- UNICEF estimates that 50,000 children pick through trash dumps
to generate income for their families. (US
Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2001,
March 2002)
*
Street Children
- There are no reliable figures on the number of street children
and child beggars nationwide, but a conservative estimate states
that there are 30,000 in Rio de Janeiro and 12,000 in Sao Paulo.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Street Children
- In Sao Paulo, NGOs aiding street children estimated that some
12,000 children roam the streets by day, and about 3,000 to 5,000
of them live permanently on the streets.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Brunei
Darussalam |
- |
| Bulgaria
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Bulgarian
street children work in begging, waste material collection, prostitution,
theft and other odd jobs. (EFCW, Children
Who Work in Europe, June 1998)
|
| Burkina
Faso |
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* A study has shown
that children are trafficked from Togo to Burkina Faso for use as
market traders and child beggars. (WAO-Afrique,
Child Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the UN
Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Begging -
A study has shown that children are trafficked from Togo to Burkina
Faso for use as domestic servants, market traders, child beggars
and prostitutes. (WAO-Afrique,
Child Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the
UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999)
* Mining and Quarrying
- Children working in small scale gold mines. (ILO,
Small-scale Mines, 1999, citing unpublished ILO-IPEC Survey of Child Workers
in Small-scale Gold Mining, 1998)
|
| Burma
(Myanmar) |
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* In the urban
informal sector, child workers are found mostly in food processing,
selling, refuse collecting, light manufacturing, and as tea shop
attendants. According to government statistics, 6% of urban children
work, but only 4% of those earn wages. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
* Exploitative
and dangerous forms of child labour had been widely reported, including
work on infrastructure development projects, in military support
operations, and in the sex industry. (US
Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000)
* The Special
Rapporteur also noted that children were often forced to work on
military bases constructing or maintaining barracks, bunkers or
fences, or performing menial tasks such as cleaning, weeding, and
fetching firewood and water. (US
Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000)
* Hundreds
of cases in which forced labour was exacted during August 1998-May
1999 for portering, military camp work, sentry duty, and other support
work for the military all over Kayin (Karen) State, Kayah State,
Pegu Division, Arakan State, Shan State, Chin State and Tanintharyi
(Tenasserim) Division. The cases include allegations that women
and children were used as human mine sweepers and shields. (US
Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000)
* In 1996, there were
almost 200,000 foreign children from Burma, Laos and Cambodia who had been
trafficked in to Thailand for prostitution and work at construction sites
and sweatshops. (CATW
Fact Book, citing "Trafficking of children on the rise", Bangkok Post,
22 July 1998, citing IPSR)
* Girls are
particularly sought after in such areas as the making of lacquer-ware,
embroideries (kalaga), cigarettes and cigars and gem polishing.
Boys meanwhile, work in the construction and domestic labour sectors
as well as in markets, restaurants and as petty vendors along railway
tracks. (Human Rights Watch/Asia,
"Burma: Children's Rights and the Rule of the Law", submission to
the UN CRC, January 1997)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
*
Begging - Increasing numbers of children found begging have come
to Thailand from countries like Cambodia, Burma and Bangladesh.
These children are usually between 6-10 years who either travelled
to Thailand on their own or were brought by beggar gangs and agents.(ILO-IPEC,
Children in Prostitution, Pornography and Illicit Activities, September
1999)
* Brick Breaking -
Almost 200 children are allegedly being forced to split stones. (US
Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000)
* Commercial Agriculture - The COI Report included allegations that
child labour was used to cultivate or produce a variety of goods including
beans, bricks, fish, rice, shrimp, and wood and an NGO recently reported
that children have been forced to work alongside men on tiger prawn farms.
(US
Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000)
* Construction - Many
children, usually between the age of 13-15 years, are forced to help maintain
dams in Maungdaw. Fathers often send their children to work in their place,
and children are required to go if there are no adult males in the family.
(US
Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000)
* Construction - Many
women and children were forced to work on constructing four major dykes
in the Yebu township. (US
Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000)
* Construction - Children
from 8-15 years of age made up approximately 10% of the workforce on a
temple construction project in northern Kunhing. (US
Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000)
* Construction - An
April 1999 report by the Shan Human Rights Foundation stated that military
authorities in Kunhing township were forcing many children, some as young
as 7-8 years old, to break stones for paving roads. (US
Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000)
* Construction - In
Tada-Oo Township, the Chairman stated that everyone, including children,
had been recruited to build a 20-mile road between Myo Tha Town and Tada-Oo
Town, which is scheduled to open at the end of 1999. (US
Dept of State, Report On Labour Practices In Burma, 2000)
* Construction - In
1996, there were almost 200,000 foreign children from Burma, Laos and Cambodia
who had been trafficked into Thailand for prostitution and work at construction
sites and sweatshops. (CATW
Fact Book, citing "Trafficking of children on the rise", Bangkok Post,
22 July 1998, citing IPSR)
* Restaurants and
Hotels - There is an increase in the number of children working in hotels
and restaurants in the tourism sector. (Human
Rights Watch/Asia, "Burma: Children's Rights and the Rule of the Law",
submission to the UN CRC, January 1997)
* Street Children
- There are an estimated 10,000 street children between 5-15 years.
(ILO, Protecting Children in the World of
Work, October 1997)
* Portering - Women
and children are randomly picked by local police or the military for carrying
heavy loads of ammunition, food and other supplies between army camps.
They are not paid for their work. (ICFTU, Burma: SLORC's
Private Slave Camp, June 1995)
|
| Burundi
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* In rural areas,
children under the age of 16 do heavy manual labour. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Cambodia
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children are
employed as construction workers, road builders and rubber plantation
workers. (ILO-IPEC,
Child Labour in Cambodia, 1998)
* Children are
employed in restaurants and as boat drivers. (ILO-IPEC,
Child Labour in Cambodia, 1998)
* Children are employed in salt fields, fish processing plants,
shrimp peeling factories, cement factories and brick factories.
(ILO-IPEC,
Child Labour in Cambodia, 1998)
* Children work
as tour guides, street vendors, stone-breakers, and drink sellers.
(ILO-IPEC,
Child Labour in Cambodia, 1998)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Begging - Increasing children found begging have come to Thailand
from countries like Cambodia, Burma and Bangladesh. These children
are usually between 6-10 years who have either travelled to Thailand
on their own or were brought by beggar gangs and agents.
(ILO-IPEC,
Children in Prostitution, Pornography and Illicit Activities, September
1999)
* Begging - 500 children
have been trafficked to Thailand for begging. (ILO-IPEC,
Trafficking in children for labour exploitation in Mekong Sub-region, July
1998)
* Begging -
Of the 1,060 child beggars in Thailand in 1997, 95% were Cambodians.
(Kyodo News Service)
* Construction - In
1996, there were almost 200,000 foreign children from Burma, Laos and Cambodia
who had been trafficked into Thailand for prostitution and work at construction
sites and sweatshops. (CATW
Fact Book, citing "Trafficking of children on the rise", Bangkok Post,
22 July 1998, citing IPSR)
* Street Children
- Domestic NGOs estimate that there are more than 10,000 street children
in Phnom Penh alone, who are easy targets for sexual abuse and exploitation.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Street Children
- 6,000 children work on the streets of Phnom Penh, as porters,
in small workshops, or as beggars. (ILO-IPEC,
Child Labour in Cambodia, 1998)
|
| Cameroon
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* In the South and
East Provinces Baka, pygmies, including children, continued to be subjected
to unfair and exploitative labour practices. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Agriculture - Trafficking
in children, which is always a problem, continues to be the subject of
considerable media coverage in Benin. Most victims are abducted or leave
home with traffickers who promise educational opportunities or other incentives.
They are taken to places in foreign countries, (according to the press,
principally to Nigeria, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, and Gabon) and sold into
servitude in agriculture, as domestics, or as prostitutes.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Street Vending -
Many urban street vendors are under 14 years of age. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
|
| Canada
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Garment Manufacturing
- 20% of garment home-workers are children. (IWGCL,
Working Children: Reconsidering the Debates, 1998)
|
| Cape
Verde |
- |
| Central
African Republic |
- |
| Chad
|
- |
| Chile
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children
are engaged in sugar-cane, coal-mining, ceramics and fireworks.
(IWGCL, Working Children: Reconsidering the Debates,
1998)
|
| China
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children are trafficked
to Thailand for prostitution and sweatshop work. (ILO-IPEC,
Child Labour: Trends and Challenges in Asia, August 1997)
* Children are reportedly
working in the fireworks industry, garment and textile industry. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing AAFLI, China: Labour
Notes, February/March 1994)
* There is use of
child labour in toy, sporting equipment and game factories. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Footwear Manufacturing
- Child labour in the footwear industry is identified to be a growing
practice. Children of 13-15 age group are found working in Wellco
- a sub unit of Nike in Ponggvan. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child
Labor, 1997, citing AMRC and Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee,
"Working Conditions in Sports Shoe Factories in China, Making Shoes
for Nike and Reebok", 1997)
|
China,
Hong Kong SAR |
- |
China,
Macau SAR |
- |
China,
Taiwan |
- |
| Colombia
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children work in
industries like, agribusiness, coal mining, leather tanning and brick kilns.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* The Committee
is concerned at the high rate of child labour, particularly in arduous
and unhealthy occupations such as brick-making and mining. (UN
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Consideration
of Reports Submitted by States Parties: Colombia, 1996)
* Hazardous child
labour, including that in mines, is a matter of the deepest concern. (UN
CRC, Comments on Colombia, 1995)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Commercial Agriculture
- 700,000 children worked as coca pickers. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Commercial Agriculture
- A 1996 study by the National Human Rights Ombudsman of Child Labour in
Putumayo department found that 22 % of the children between the ages of
5 and 18 were full-time coca-pickers. In another municipality the figures
reached 70 %. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Cut Flower Industry
- Children are commonly employed in the cut-flower industry and are often
exposed to toxic substances during and after the spraying of pesticides.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Leather Tanning - Children
as young as five are employed in the leather industry.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
* Mining and Quarrying
- Coal mining presents the most difficult child labour problem. Many marginal
family-run operations employ their young children as a way to boost production
and income. It is estimated that between 1,200 and 2,000 children are involved.
Younger children carry water and pack coal, while those aged 14 and above
engage in more physically demanding labour such as carrying bags of coal.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Mining and Quarrying
- A recent study of the use of children in the marginal coal mines in north-western
Colombia shows that children as young as six work with their families in
the mines, carrying water out of the mines, leading the loaded mules and
packing coal into bags. Older children do the heavier work such as drilling.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Mining and
Quarrying - Colombian government estimates put the number of child
miners in the country at around 5,000. However, child welfare organisations
believe this is a gross underestimate. (ABC-CLIO,
Sandy Hobbs et al, Child Labor: A World History Companion, 1999,
citing ICFTU, No Time to Play, 1996)
* Mining and Quarrying
- Children work under hazardous conditions in the coal mines of Colombia.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
* Street Children
- Street children are a major problem in Colombia's cities. Street children
employ desperate strategies to survive, 64 % were working mostly in itinerant
sales, and some 17 % cited 'stealing' as their principal occupation. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Street Children
- In 1988, UNICEF confirmed that in Colombia there were 5,000 street
children. Taking this as benchmark, at present the figure could
be between 15,000-30,000. (Pacto por
la Infancia- Republica de Colombia)
|
| Comoros
|
ASSORTED
NOTES
* Children generally
help with the work of their families in the subsistence farming
and fishing sectors. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Congo
|
ASSORTED
NOTES
* Children are
employed in informal sector and subsistence agriculture. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
|
| Congo,
Dem. Rep. |
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Vending -
Many children work selling small goods like gum and cigarettes on the street.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
|
| Cook
Islands |
- |
| Costa
Rica |
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Children
- Although no official statistics exist, the PANI has identified street
children in the urban areas of San Jose, Limon, and Puntarenas as being
at the greatest risk. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Cote
d'Ivoire |
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Some children routinely
act as vendors, shoe shiners, errand boys, car watchers and washers of car
windows in cities. There are reliable reports of use of child labour in
the informal-sector mining, and also of children working in 'sweatshop'
conditions in small workshops. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* A study has shown
that children are trafficked from Togo to the Cote d'Ivoire, for use
as domestic servants, market traders, child beggars and prostitutes.
(WAO-Afrique, Child Trafficking in West and Central
Africa, submission to the UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of
Slavery, June 1999)
*
Children work in informal sectors. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Commercial Agriculture
- The head of a large community of migrant farmers claims that the use of
children from Mali as labourers on Côte d'Ivoire's cocoa plantations is
limited to remote plantations deep in the bush. The ones migrated to Yaboyo
are at least 15 or 16 years of age. ("Only
remote farms use child labour, farming figue says", Reuters, 6 October 2000,
reprinted in CNN Webpost)
* Commercial Agriculture
- In July, police in Divo broke up a ring of child traffickers, which had
brought children from Burkina Faso to work on farms and plantations in Cote
d'Ivoire. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Commercial Agriculture
- A study has shown that children are trafficked from Mali to the Cote d'Ivoire
to work on agricultural plantations. (WAO-Afrique,
Child Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the UN Working
Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999)
* Mining and Quarrying
- Children are employed in informal-sector mining. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
* Mining and Quarrying
- Approximately 800 children are employed in the gold mines of Issia. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing DCI/UNICEF, Gabin
Kponhassia, "Le Travail des Enfants dans us mines de Cote D'Ivoire", 1993)
* Mining and Quarrying
- Approximately 350 children work in diamond mining in Tortiya.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
*Restaurants - The sale
of children for labour is organised around networks, which bring children
from rural areas to urban centres to work for individual employers in domestic
service or in commercial activities such as in restaurants. (CWA, Rokhaya Diop, "The Sale of Child Labour in Côte d'Ivoire", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 4, October - December 1994)
* Street Children
- Cities, especially Abidjan, have large populations of street children.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Croatia
|
GENERAL NOTES AND
OBSERVATIONS
* Legal protection
against hazardous work is available.
(US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
|
| Cuba
|
- |
| Cyprus
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Young persons
are found in all types of enterprises, most commonly in the construction
sector, in restaurants and hotels.
(EFCW, Children
Who Work in Europe, June 1998)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Commercial
Agriculture - Collecting and packing of agricultural products to
a large extent is performed by young persons.
(EFCW,
Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998)
|
| Czech
Republic |
- |
| Denmark
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* 10,000 children,
mainly older boys, are employed in the industrial sector.
(EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June
1998)
|
| Djibouti
|
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Street Vending -
Many young girls are involved in selling goods on the street.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
|
| Dominica
|
- |
| Dominican
Republic |
GENERAL NOTES AND
OBSERVATIONS
* Child workers are
found in the fire-works industry and in sugar plantations.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
|
| East
Timor |
- |
| Ecuador
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Many children under
14 years of age work in the informal sector, shining shoes, collecting
and recycling garbage, or as street peddlers.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Children are
being trafficked from Ecuador to Venezuela. The children work in
virtual slavery conditions as street vendors, domestic workers and
prostitutes. They are abducted, sold by parents or lured by false
promises. (CATW
Fact Book, citing Vladimir Villegas, Congressional Human Rights
Commission, Estrella Gutierrez, "Child Traffic in Venezuela Tip
of the Iceberg", IPS, 11 January 1998)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Plantation Workers - In Ecuador, where Human Rights Watch interviewed
forty-five children who had worked on banana plantations in early
2001, we learned that girls working in banana packing plants routinely
experience sexual harassment in the workplace. (HRW,
World Report 2001)
|
| Egypt
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* 45,000 children are working in small workshops.
(IWGCL, Working Children: Reconsidering
the Debates, 1998)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children work
as apprentices in auto-repair and craft shops, in heavier industries
such as construction, in brick-making and textiles, and as workers
in tanneries and carpet-making factories.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
*
Cotton leaf plantations -
In October 1999, Human Rights Watch conducted an investigation into
the use of child labour in Egyptian cotton pest management Although
the Child Law set the minimum age for seasonal agricultural employment
at 12 years, a majority of children engaged in leaf worm control
operations were below the age of 12, with a significant proportion
employed from the age of 7 or 8. They worked from 7:00 a.m. to 6:00
p.m. daily, with a one to two hour midday break, seven days a week.
Supervising groups of fifteen to thirty, foremen routinely beat
children with wooden switches whenever they perceived a child to
be slowing down or overlooking leaves. (HRW,
World Report 2001)
* Children may
have been exposed to toxic organophosphate and carbonate pesticides.
Such exposure can lead to pesticide poisoning that is both acute-with
effects such as dizziness, vomiting, or diarrhea-and chronic, including
disruption of the nervous, endocrine, or reproductive systems. In
the villages Human Rights Watch visited, children either resumed
work immediately after the fields were sprayed or following a twenty-four
to forty-eight hour hiatus, which may still have been inadequate
given the heightened susceptibility of children to pesticide intoxication.
(HRW, World Report 2001)
*Cotton
leaf plantations - In
Egypt, an estimated 1.2 million children took part in controlling
cotton leaf worm infestations during the summer months, by manually
removing damaged portions of leaves. (HRW,
World Report 2001)
*
Electrical Workshops - In September Ministry of Interior officials raided
16 electrical workshops in various Cairo neighborhoods and found 30 children
between the ages of 6 and 12 working there. In another case, authorities
found 4 children working in a Cairo restaurant that serves alcoholic beverages.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
*
Leather Tanning - Children constitute about 25% of the labour force in
the leather tanneries of old Cairo. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour,
1998)
* Leather Tanning - An
ILO study notes that the average age of children working in leather tanning
industry was 11.7 years old, and worked 12.8 hours per day.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Ahmed Abdalla, "Child
labour in Egypt: Leather tanning in Cairo", in ILO, Combating Child Labour,
1988)
* Street Children
- A 1997 study by the NGO network estimated that 1,000 children up to the
age of 16 years were living on their own in the streets, 42 % of whom were
under the age of 5. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| El
Salvador |
GENERAL NOTES AND
OBSERVATIONS
* Child labour is
common in the coffee sector, the sugar industry and in the cottage production
of fireworks. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Garment Manufacturing
- More than 100 child workers were noted in Mandarin International garment
manufacturing plant, producing garments for GAP.
(US Dept of Labor, Industry and Codes of Conduct,
1996)
* Street Vending -
Most of the working children are street vendors.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
|
| Equatorial
Guinea |
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Vending -
Underage youth are engaged in street vending.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Eritrea
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Vending -
In urban areas, some children are street vendors of cigarettes, newspapers,
or chewing gum. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Estonia
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* The Church leaders
were illegally bringing young people from Estonia to US to use them
as domestic workers, paying them less than a minimum wage.
("Missionary group members could stand
trial for smuggling children", 9 June 2000, reprinted in Stop Trafficking
Archive, July 2000)
*
There were instances of families forcing their children to engage in begging
and peddling. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Commercial Fishing
- A June report described child labour practice as rampant in 156 fishing
villages along the Afar River and settlements along the Volta Lake in the
Afram plains. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Ethiopia
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* A research study
of child labour sponsored by CETU's National Federation of Farm,
Plantation, Fishery, and Agro-industry Trade Unions and published
in 1999 focused on rural locations. The study reported that 30%
of the workers on state farms surveyed were between the ages of
7 and 14. Child workers, who worked alongside parents hired by the
state, typically worked 6 days a week, received no benefits, and
earned less than $10 (80 birr) a month. At one plantation, 75% of
the children worked 12-hour days. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001 citing CETU's National
Federation of Farm, Plantation, Fishery, and Agro-industry Trade
Unions)
*
In urban areas, children in large numbers can be seen working in
a variety of jobs, including shining shoes, hustling passengers
into cabs, working as porters, selling lottery tickets, and herding
animals. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Vending - Large
numbers of children of all ages work as street peddlers in the cities.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Street Children - UNICEF
estimates that there are approximately 150,000 street children in the urban
areas, of which 100,000 reside in Addis Ababa. These children beg, sometimes
as part of a gang, or work in the informal sector in order to survive.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Street Children
- Many thousands of street children live in Addis Ababa.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
|
| Fiji
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Garment Manufacturing - The garment industry in Fiji is suspected
to employ about 1,500 children. However, Fiji's Textile, Clothing
and Footwear Council denied the allegation.
("Fiji Garment Council Denies Child Labour Claims", PACNEWS, 6 January
1999, reprinted in Pacific Islands Report)
* Street Children
- In November 1999, 73 street kids were found in Suva, Fiji.There
is a growing number of women and children on the street.
("Concern Over Children and Women
and the Streets of Fiji", The Fiji Times/PINA Nius Online, 10 March
2000, reprinted in Pacific Islands Report)
|
| Finland
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children are commonly
employed in restaurants, hotels and in construction work.
(EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June
1998)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Street Children
- The problem of street children is not large and estimates suggest
that there are about 100-200 children.
(EFCW, Children Who Work
in Europe, June 1998)
|
| France
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Children - The
recent migration from former East Germany and from other former countries
of the Council for Mutual Economic Co-operation
(COMECON) is expected to affect the number of street children.
(EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998)
* Street Children - The presence of street children began
to constitute a significant problem starting from the 1980s. Some
authorities consider that street children amount to 10,000.
(EFCW,
Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998)
|
| Gabon
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* A study has
shown that children are trafficked from Togo to Gabon for use as
market traders and child beggars. (WAO-Afrique,
Child Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the
UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999)
* A significant number
of children work in market places. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Gambia
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* In urban areas, many
children work as street vendors or taxi and bus assistants.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
*
Many children work in markets and in street trading.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Begging - There
are a few instances of child street begging.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Georgia
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Children
- The private voluntary organisation Child and Environment noted
a significant increase in the number of homeless children following
the collapse of the Soviet Union. It estimated that there are currently
more than 2,500 street children in Tbilisi. The children increasingly
survive by turning to criminal activity, narcotics, and prostitution.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001, citing Child and Environment
report)
* Street Children
-It estimated that there
were currently more than 2,500 street children in Tbilisi.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Street Children
- Street children and children turned homeless are found in hazardous employment
situations. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
|
| Germany
|
- |
| Ghana
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* NGO's report
that children as young as age 7 work illegally as porters, domestic
servants, "hawkers," rock-breakers in quarries, small-scale
miners, farmers, and fishermen. They are paid poorly, if at all,
and sometimes are molested or abused. They seldom receive sufficient
food or health care, and do not attend school. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
|
| Greece
|
ASSORTED STATISTICS
*
In August police detained a group of 35 Roma children from Albania,
between the ages of 3 months and 11 years old, who were begging
or being exploited by beggars in the streets. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
* Findings of
a research carried out by Pedagogical Institute reveals that the
construction sector employs around 27% of working adolescents and
young people (aged 12-21), followed by the agricultural and food
production sector (16,3%), and car jobs (12,1%).
(EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe,
June 1998)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
*
In recent years, the number of street children who panhandle or
peddle at city intersections on behalf of adult family members or
for criminal gangs increased. According to the Ministry of Public
Order, 78% of these children are Albanian, 12% are from other Balkan
countries, and 10% are Romani. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
*
Findings of the NOW survey revealed the presence of child workers in different
fields, and particularly in domestic work, manufacturing industries, markets
and retails, street services, etc. (EFCW,
Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Begging - Around 3,000
Albanian children are trafficked to Italy and Greece and are used for begging
and cleaning windows of cars without payment.
(CRCA,
The Vicious Circle, 2000)
* Construction - In 1996, in Greece, 70 children under the age of
15 years were employed in the construction sector.
(EFCW, Children
Who Work in Europe, June 1998)
* Leather Tannery - Reports
exist of child labour in the tannery sector.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Street Children - The
migratory flows from the new European democracies in recent years has led
to the dramatic increase of children and young people on the streets. Some
of them fall into prostitution and are sexually exploited.
(EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998)
* Street Children
- Rising phenomenon of "children in the street", the majority of these
carry out forms of forced labour. (EFCW,
Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998)
|
| Grenada
|
- |
| Guatemala
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* 75% of the
working children do the menial jobs, such as street vending and
domestic service, or work as shoeshine boys, car caretakers, and
in agriculture. ("Two
Million Children Work In Guatemala", EFE News Service, 16 September
2000, citing the report on childhood issued by the Guatemalan Archbishop's
Human Rights Office)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Significant
numbers of children work in such dangerous places as quarries, cutting
rock by hand, and mines, as well as all kinds of factories, including
clandestine factories for making gunpowder. (IACHR,
Country Report - Guatemala, citing, Oficina de Derechos Humanos
del Arzobispado, 6 April 2001, 2001)
*
They serve as heavy labor, work with heavy machinery, work as roving
vendors and shining shoes, work with pesticides and fertilizers,
and work as pickers and cutters. (IACHR,
Country Report - Guatemala, 2001)
*
The majority of child labourers work in agriculture - coffee, and
sugar cane harvesting - while others work in domestic service, construction,
various family businesses, stone quarrying and fireworks manufacturing.
(US
Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999,
25 February 2000)
*
Thousands of children who work illegally are open to exploitation.
(EI,
EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector,
1998)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Fireworks Production
- A large number of children work at high risk to their lives. Among
the most dangerous jobs, it specifically mentioned children working
in fireworks plants, commonly referred to as the 'gunpowder children',
those who grind stone and as those who work as flame throwers.
("Two
Million Children Work In Guatemala", EFE News Service, 16 September
2000, citing the report on childhood issued by the Guatemalan Archbishop's
Human Rights Office)
* Fireworks Production
- Some 5,000 children aged between 6 and 14 were recently found working
in secret and illegal workshops in the country's capital. They were
engaged in the manufacture of fireworks and other explosive products,
thus exposing themselves to highly toxic, flammable and explosive
materials in workshops lacking safety and hygiene measures.
(Casa Alianza, Ann Birch, "Guatemala's
Brothels are Another Workplace", Child Labour News Service (CLNS),
Global March International Secretariat, 1 November 1999)
* Garment Manufacturing
- The Secretary General of the Confederation de Unidad Sindical de
Guatemala CUSG, Edgar Patras reports San Pedro de Sacatepequez known
as the cradle of apparel industry has working children in every home.
(US Dept of Labor, Industry and Codes
of Conduct, 1996)
* Manufacturing
- Child labour is rampant in Guatemala's maquiladora sector.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
* Mining and Quarrying
- Children are employed in the mining and refining of lime, and also
in the stone quarries along the Sumala river in Retalhuba.
(US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
* Street Children
- The main sources of income for the street children are robbery,
prostitution or begging. (UN
Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and
Child Pornography, Report on the mission to Guatemala, 27 January
2000)
* Street Children
- Most credible estimates, including a May report by the Presidential
Secretariat on Social Work and NGOs, put the number of street children
at approximately 6,000, with the majority of these youths concentrated
in Guatemala City. (US
Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25
February 2000)
* Street Children
- In 1994, it was estimated that there were between 1,500 and 5,000
street children in Guatemala, most of whom could be found in Guatemala
City. 20 to 30% of street children are females and 65% of all the
street children in Guatemala City are between the ages of 10 and
17; 3% are under 10. Most (60%) are from Guatemala City itself,
while the rest are from rural Guatemala, Honduras or El Salvador.
(UN
Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and
Child Pornography, Report on the mission to Guatemala, 27 January
2000)
|
| Guinea
|
GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Working children
are found mostly in the informal sector including petty commerce, and small-scale
mining. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Mining and Quarrying
- Children are employed in diamond mines.
(ILO, Small-scale Mines, 1999, citing "La
main d'ocuvre infantile dans les mines de Friguiabegare", 1996)
|
| Guinea-Bissau
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children often are
forced by their parents or guardians to work as street traders or
agricultural labourers in the informal sector.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Guyana
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Vending -
It is common to see very young children engaged in street trading in the
capital, Georgetown. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
|
| Haiti
|
- |
| Honduras
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Many children work
as street vendors, or in small workshops to supplement the family income.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Construction - The
most significant child labour problem is in the construction industry.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Manufacturing - According
to "Survey Of Women Maquila Workers", conducted by Honduran Committee for
the Defence of Human Rights between November 1992 and March 1993, of the
total workforce in maquilas, 2% is between the age of 12 and 13, and 11%
are between 14 and 15. (US
Dept of Labor, Industry and Codes of Conduct, 1996)
* Street Children
- In 1998, the government estimated the number of street children as 8,000,
only a half of whom have shelter on any given day. Many street children
are molested sexually, and about 40% are regularly engaged in prostitution.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Hungary
|
- |
| Iceland
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Legal working age
to work in factories, ships, or in other hazardous work is 16 years.
(US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
|
| India
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* 428,305 child labourers
in hazardous industries were found.
(US
Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25
February 2000)
*
25,000 children are employed in footwear industry and approximately
5,000 children in silk thread industry in southern Karnataka.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing ILRF, Trading
Away the Future, 1994)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children work
in occupations ranging from construction work, working in abattoirs,
working as sex workers, and manufacturing explosives to home-based
industries such as gem polishing, paper bag making and grain cleaning.
(CACL,
"An Alternative Report on the Status of Child Labour in India", submission
to the UN CRC, September-October 1999)
* Children employed
in the manufacturing of sports goods and polishing gem stones
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child
Labour, 1998)
* Incidence of
child labour in the hosiery industry in Tirupur, Tamil Naidu, woolen
industry in Ludhiana, Punjab and cottage industry and small shops
in New Delhi as reported by South Asian Coalition on Child Servitude.
(US Dept of Labor, Industry and Codes
of Conduct, 1996)
*
A large number of children are employed in the plantations, and
in the match and fireworks industries, more than half of the workforce
is children. Other industries where children work are cigarette
manufacturing, diamond/gem polishing, lock manufacturing, handicrafts,
carpet weaving, brassware and glass factories. Children also work
in gas stations and restaurants, or they may be self-employed as
porters, vendors and parking attendants. Street children resort
to rag-picking, begging, shoe-shining, selling balloons and fruit
and vegetables. (CWA,
Dr. Suman Verma, "The Working Child in India", Child Workers
in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 3, July - September 1994)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
*
Silk Cultivation - In 1998 an HRW team headed by the Karnataka state
labour commissioner conducted surprise inspections on silk twining
factories in and around the town of Magadi. The team found 53 child
workers under the age of 14 years working in the plants, forbidden
to talk to each other, and beaten for slow work. The labour commissioner
estimated that there were 3,000 bonded child labourers in the Magadi
silk twining factories. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
*
Begging - 76 children, mainly girls and some physically handicapped
returned from Jedda. They were sent to beg during the Haj. Within
a month of the return of this group, 47 boys were trafficked for
begging. (CWA,
SANLAAP (A Woman's Rights Centre), "Children Sent to the Middle
East to Beg", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 &
3, April - September 1997)
* Begging - An estimated 1,000 to 1,500 Indian children are smuggled
out every year to Saudi Arabia for begging during the Haj season.
From Murshidabad alone, some 400 children accompanied by their chachas
leave every year, and not all of them return home again. ("How
to earn big bucks: Rent a child to Chacha", The Asian Age, 16 March
1997, cited in Child Workers in Asia, April-September 1997)
* Brass Industry - 40,000 to 45,000 children work in the brass industry
in Moradabad.(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing ILO/Asian
Regional Team for Employment Promotion, January 1989)
* Carpet Industry
- CWIN's studies have revealed that Nepalese children are involved
in different labour sectors in India. Most prominent is the carpet
industry. CWIN estimates that there are 5,000-7,000 children working
in Bhadohi and Mirzapur in Benaras District bordering Nepal.
(CWA,
Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN), "Nepal-India Cross Border Child
Labour Migration", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 &
3, April - September 1997)
* Carpet Industry
- Based on a recent survey, the ILO estimates that at least 130,000
children are employed in India's hand-knotting carpet industry.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child
Labor, 1997)
* Carpet Industry - ILO
reports estimates the number of child labour in India's carpet industry
ranges from 50,000 to 1,050,000. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child
Labor, 1997)
* Carpet Industry - Human Rights Watch estimates that there are
300,000 children working in the carpet industry, 270,000 of whom
are bonded labourers. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child
Labor, 1997)
* Carpet Industry - 300,000 children working in carpet industry as per SACCS
estimate. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
* Carpet Industry - 8% of the total work force in the hand knotted carpet
industry are child labourers.(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing NCAER, Child
Labour in the Carpet Industry: A Status Report, 1993)
* Diamond and
Gemstone Industry - De Beers maintains the prevalence of child labour
in Indian Diamond cutting is slightly over 3% of the total work
force (around
24,000 children). Trade Union officials in Surat city, where the
problem is most serious estimate a much higher prevalence level
of child labour as high as 25%. (ICFTU,
"Union Investigation Reveals Dirty End of the Diamond and Precious
Stone Business", 1997)
* Diamond and Gemstone
Industry - 6,000 to 100,000 children working in the diamond industry, cutting
and polishing diamond chips. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing ILRF, Trading Away
the Future, 1994)
* Fireworks and Match Production - 50,000 to 100,000 children employed in
matches and fireworks industries of Sivakasi.(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Rural Labour
Cell, Children of Darkness, 1988)
* Fireworks and Match
Production - 45,000-50,000 children work in the fireworks and match industry
in Tamil Nadu. (ICFTU,
No Time to Play, 1996)
* Gemstone Industry:
100,000 children work in the gems industry.
(ILO,
Protecting Children in the World of Work, October 1997)
* Diamond and Gemstone
Industry - Other estimates put the prevalence of child labour in
gemstone industry at 10%(average age of 12 years) and 20% (ICFTU,
"Union Investigation Reveals Dirty End of the Diamond and Precious
Stone Business", 1997)
* Diamond and Gemstone Industry - In Jaipur, Rajasthan, there
are around 20,000 children among the 200,000 gem workers. (ICFTU,
"Union Investigation Reveals Dirty End of the Diamond and Precious
Stone Business", 1997)
* Diamond and Gemstone Industry - In Trichy, Tamil Nadu, there
are 10,000 children out of the total work force of 60,000 in the
gem industry. (ICFTU,
"Union Investigation Reveals Dirty End of the Diamond and Precious
Stone Business", 1997)
* Diamond and Gemstone Industry - Tens of thousands of children
work full time in diamond and gem stone industry. (ICFTU,
"Union Investigation Reveals Dirty End of the Diamond and Precious
Stone Business", 1997)
* Diamond and Gemstone Industry - 7,000 to 13,000 child labourers are in
the gem industry in Jaipur.(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing National Labour
Institute, Child Labour in Gem Polishing Industry of Jaipur, 1991)
* Fireworks and Match
Production - 125,000 work in the match industry.
(IWGCL, Working Children: Reconsidering the
Debates, 1998)
* Garment Manufacturing
- Industrialists say child labour exists in the apparel industry only in
remote areas and the duties involve only low skill work like cleaning and
sweeping. (US
Dept of Labor, Industry and Codes of Conduct, 1996)
* Garment Manufacturing - NGOs observations have revealed that children
are engaged in operating power looms in the apparel industry.(US Dept
of Labor, Industry and Codes of Conduct, 1996)
* Glass and Bangle Industry - In the glass bangle industry in
Ferozabad, one quarter of the workforce - about 50,000 - are children
under 14 years of age. (UNICEF,
State of the World's Children, 1997)
* Glass and Bangle Industry - 8,000 to 50,000 children are employed in the
glassware industry.(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
* Glass and Bangle Industry - 50,000 children work in the glass industry.
(Child Labour in Glass Industry in Ferozabad, 1992)
* Leather Tanning - Evidence suggests that thousands of children may be
employed in leather tanneries in Tamil Nadu. Some estimate that in
the town of Dindigul alone, 30% of the tannery labour force is children.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child
Labor, 1997)
* Leather Tanning - Children under 15 account for 40% of flayers,
34% of tanners, 39% of manufacturers and repairers, and 36% of wage
earners in the leather units of Agra, Kanpur, Durg and Tonk towns.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child
Labor, 1997, citing The Status and Problems of Leather)
* Leather Tanning
- Reports of children involved in leather tanning industry, particularly
in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child
Labor, 1997, citing "The Status and Problems of Leather Workers")
* Scavenging - In
Bombay and Bangalore more than 100,000 children work as rag-pickers.
(CWA, Steve Brace and Rebecca Dodd, Action Aid, "Recycling for Life, not Life-Style", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 9 No. 4, October - December, 1993)
* Silk Industry - 5,000
children work in the silk industry. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
* Street Children - The Law Minister said that the country has 2 million
street children. ("Laws alone cannot tackle child labour", Indian
Express, 5 February 2000)
* Street Children
- Child welfare organisations estimate that there are 500,000 street children
nation-wide. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Indonesia
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* According
to a recent study, there are about 170,000 street children in 12
urban areas. Of these, about 20% are girls. At least 60% of the
street children polled were not enrolled in school. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
* In the past, NGO's
estimated that as many as 3,000 children worked on fishing platforms,
known as "jermals," under inhumane and dangerous conditions.
There are credible reports that hundreds, perhaps over 1,000, children
still work on the jermals off the east coast of North Sumatra in
conditions of bonded labour. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
* According to the
Ministry of Social Affairs, 20,000 street children lived in Jakarta in
1997. NGOs estimate a 60% increase in their number due to economic crisis.
(US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
*
A field work survey carried out by KOMPAK in Tangerang district, Jakarta
in 1992 concludes that 22% of the children work in hazardous situations
without protection e.g. operating machinery and dealing with toxic chemicals.
Only 33% are involved in the less dangerous finishing stage of production
like packaging. ("Factory
Children in Indonesia", Child Workers in Asia, April-June 1993)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
*
Street children sell newspapers, shine shoes, help to park or watch
cars, and otherwise attempt to earn money. Many street children
work under hazardous conditions as scavengers, garbage pickers,
and on fishing platforms and fishing boats. According to credible
sources, there are hundreds, perhaps over 1,000 children working
in hazardous conditions on fishing platforms off the east coast
of North Sumatra. Many thousands of children work in factories and
fields. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
*
Tens of thousands of street children live in Jakarta. Street children sell
newspapers, shine shoes, help to park or wash cars, and otherwise attempt
to earn money. Many street children work under hazardous conditions as
scavengers and garbage pickers and on fishing platforms and fishing boats.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Children work in the
rattan and wood furniture industries, the garment industry, the footwear
industry, food processing, toy making, and small mining operations, among
others. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Major sectors where
children are employed are tea plantations, sugar industry, textiles, road
constructions, plantations, farming and fishing, trade, hawkers, craft,
caramel industry, mining, rattan furniture, metal and shoe manufacture.
(ILO-IPEC,
Child Labour in Indonesia, 1994)
*
Child labour in Indonesia's food, candy, beverages, mosquito repellent,
plastic, electric light-bulb, metal, cigarettes, footwear, gem mining (in
Kalimantan), and commercial fishing(shrimp and other sea food) enterprises.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Gold Mining - During the year, the ILO called on the Government
to stop the employment of up to 3,000 children in Central Kalimantan
in gold mining. The media reported the use of mercury in Central
Kalimantan gold mining, underscoring the danger posed to these children.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001 citing ILO)
* Garbage disposal - Some children work as scavengers in dumpsites.
In the Bantar Gebang dumpsite in Bekasi (south of Jakarta), an NGO
working with children there, estimates that as many as 550 children
ages 7 to 15 work at the dump to help their parents. About 74% of
the children are under age 12. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
* Chemical Production
- A survey found a German-owned factory, A.T. Sinar Plata Co. that produces
"Baygon" mosquito repellant and coils, using a large number of children
in hazardous conditions. The total workforce is 8,000 of which there are
500-600 children between the ages of 12-16.
("Factory
Children in Indonesia", Child Workers in Asia, April-June 1993)
* Commercial Fishing
- There were about 1900 jermals in these four regencies in 1995 and
each jermal has an average of 6-10 children on it. If we use the higher
number of jermals, observed by the author from several sources, the
number of child labourers working on the jermal is between 12,000
to 19,000. Even if we use the Department of Fisheries data, the number
would still be around 2,000-3,700.
(CWA,
Ahmad Saufian, Pusat Kajian Perlindungan Anak, "Child Labour
in Jermals", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 15, No. 2, May - August
1999)
* Commercial Fishing
- There are credible reports that several thousand children are forced to
work on fishing platforms ('jermals') off the east coast of North Sumatra
in conditions of bonded labour. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Commercial Fishing
- 15,000 children are in deep-sea fishing.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Agricultural Imports &
Forced and Bonded Child Labor, 1995)
* Garment Manufacturing
- 2,500 children in garment units. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
* Street Children - The
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child expressed its concern about the
large number of children who have been forced to live and/or work in the
street in order to survive. (UN
CRC, Concluding observations on Indonesia, 1994)
* Wood-based Industries
- Child workers are involved in the manufacture of wood and rattan furniture.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Jeff Bellinger,
Goods Produced for Export to the United States Using Child Labour in Indonesia,
May 1994)
|
| Iran
|
- |
| Iraq
|
- |
| Ireland
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Begging - A certain number of children aged
6-14 years can be found on the streets begging.
(EFCW, Children
Who Work in Europe, June 1998)
* Street Children
- The Council of Europe's best 'guestimate' indicates that there are somewhere
between 500 and 1,000 street children most are aged between 15 and 18 years.
(EFCW, Children
Who Work in Europe, June 1998)
|
| Israel
|
- |
| Italy
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* According to the
Carabinieri, an estimated 30,000 illegal Chinese work in sweatshop conditions
near Florence, with many minor children working alongside the rest of their
families to produce scarves, purses, and imitations of various brand name
products. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* There is a demand for
child labour in small industrial workshops which are neither registered
nor regulated, and where children work in unhealthy and unsafe conditions.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
*
Children work in industries like crafts, clothing, hosiery, footwear, engineering,
construction hotel, tourism sector, public bars, pizzerias.
(EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June
1998)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Begging - Around 3,000
Albanian children are trafficked to Italy and Greece and are used for begging
and cleaning windows and cars without payment.
(CRCA,
The Vicious Circle, 2000)
* Begging - For
the Roma (gypsy) community, begging is considered a job, and children
help their mothers in this activity.
(EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe,
June 1998)
* Footwear Manufacturing
- The shoe industry which operates in thousands of small, scattered subcontracting
units is a major child exploitation centre.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Street Children
- In Italy street children are an increasing phenomenon.
(EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June
1998)
|
| Jamaica
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Many children
from poor homes work on the streets, in grocery stores and in other
domestic tasks.
(Jamaica Coalition on the Rights
of the Child, submission to the UN CRC, January 1995)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Street Children - The
most obvious signs of child labour can be seen in the growing number of
street children.
(ILO Caribbean Office, Country Profile: Jamaica, February 1999)
* Street Children
- The Committee on the Rights of the Child noted the growing number of
children living and/or working in the streets where they are exposed to
various forms of exploitation and abuse.
(UN
CRC, Concluding observations on Jamaica, 1995)
* Street Vending -
Children under the age of 12 peddle goods and services on city streets.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Japan
|
- |
| Jordan
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Declining economic
conditions have caused the number of these 'street children' to increase
steadily over the last 10 years. Selling newspapers, tissues, small food
items, or gum, these street vendors, along with the other children who
pick through trash dumpsters to find recyclable cans to sell, are sometimes
the sole source of income for their families.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Auto Workshops - 24% of the working children are engaged in car
repair and that is the largest occupational group.
(ILO-IPEC, Amal Dibo, Child Labour in Few Countries of the Arab Region,
1999)
* Street Vending -
Although the law prohibits children under the age of 16 from working, child
vendors work on the streets of Amman. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Kazakhstan
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* 10.6% of working
children are engaged in vending and 2.2% in begging.
(ILO-IPEC, Child Labour in Kazakhstan, September
1997)
|
| Kenya
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* More than 1 million
of the working children are employed in the most intolerable forms of child
labour in the tourism and services sector, in plantations and mines, in
domestic service, and in such urban informal sector occupations as garbage
collection. (ILO,
"Kenya gets to grips with child labour", January 1997)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Significant percentages
of workers on coffee, sugar, and rice plantations are children.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
*
Children are mainly employed in export industries like textiles,
clothing, and footwear. They also work in the coffee and tea plantations.
(Philip
Ngunjiri, "Child labour on the rise", IPS, 6 December 1998)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Commercial Agriculture
- In Kenya's central province, 60 % of the workforce on coffee plantations
are children. (Philip
Ngunjiri, "Child labour on the rise", IPS, 6 December 1998)
* Commercial Agriculture
- On the Kenya coffee plantations during the peak harvest seasons,
as many as 30 % of the coffee pickers are below 15 years of age.
(ILO-IPEC,
Child Labour in Commercial Agriculture in Africa, 27-30 August 1996)
* Commercial Agriculture
- 18% of coffee workers are children.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Agricultural Imports &
Forced and Bonded Child Labour, 1995)
* Commercial Agriculture
- Children constitute some 20% to 30% of the casual labour force on
all types of plantations. (ILO-IPEC,
Child Labour in Commercial Agriculture in Africa, 27-30 August 1996)
* Commercial Agriculture
- Children make up as much as 90% of the workforce during the period
of rice transplanting, an activity involving long rows of walking
backward and bending to pick and replant rice.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child
Labour, 1998)
* Commercial Fishing
- About half of the 3 million Kenyan children are engaged in child
labour work in the fishing industry.
(Philip
Ngunjiri, "Child labour on the rise", IPS, 6 December 1998)
* Street Children - The
number of Nairobi's street children is over 50,000, and the government estimates
that their numbers grow at 10% per year. These children often are involved
in theft, drug trafficking, assault, trespassing, and property damage.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Street Children
- The Child Welfare Society of Kenya estimated the number of Nairobi's
street children at 45,000 in 1997, while the government estimates their
growth at 10% per year. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
|
| Kiribati
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children are rarely
employed outside the traditional economy of subsistence farming and fishing.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
|
| Korea,
Dem. People's Republic |
- |
| Korea,
Rep. |
- |
| Kosovo
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children can
be found in a variety of unofficial 'retail' jobs, typically washing
car windows or selling small items such as cigarettes.
(US
Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999,
25 February 2000)
|
| Kuwait
|
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Camel Jockeys
- There are reports of young boys, especially of South Asian origin,
being used as camel jockeys. There also have been confirmed reports
that some South Asian and Southeast Asian domestic servants are
under age 18. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
|
| Kyrgyzstan
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Many children work
as beggars and street vendors. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Children
- The KCF is concerned about the growing number of street children. One-day
sweeps are conducted two to three times each year and about 30 to 70 children
are found to be working. Similar conditions also exist in other urban centres,
as well as in the countryside. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Laos
|
- |
| Latvia
|
- |
| Lebanon
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Poor children often
are compelled by their parents to seek employment, risking their safety,
in industries like car mechanic shops, and carpentry.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Children are employed
predominantly in the industrial, crafts, and metallurgical sectors.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
*
The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child notes the rising number of
children working in the streets or in domestic service, including children
from other countries. (UN
CRC, Concluding observations on Lebanon, 1996)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Metal Works - A majority
of child labourers engage in metal-work and repairs.
(ILO-IPEC, Amal Dibo, Child Labour in Few
Countries of the Arab Region, 1999)
* Street Children - There
are hundreds of children living on the streets, some of whom survive by
begging. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Street Children
- Street children are beggars, bubble gum sellers or car glass cleaners.
(Lebanese Union for Child Welfare, National Report
of Lebanese Associations, submission to the UN CRC, May-June 1996)
* Street Children
- The study in July 1995 revealed that street children belong to
the following groups: 49.3% gypsies, 32.9% Syrians, 17.8% Lebanese.
(Lebanese Union for Child Welfare, National Report of Lebanese Associations,
submission to the UN CRC, May-June 1996)
|
| Lesotho
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Child labour exits
in garment and shoe manufacturing industries.
(US Dept of
Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Lesotho Ministry of Planning,
"The Situation of Women and Children in Lesotho'')
SPECIFIC SECTORS
*
Garment Manufacturing - Children under 14 are employed in the textile and
garment sector, and in family-owned businesses. According to a 1994 study
by a foreign government, as much as 15% of the textile work force of some
15,000 persons may be children between the ages of 12 and 15. The Ministry
of Labor denies the validity of this report.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Garment Manufacturing
- 5-15% of the workforce in several of Lesotho's garment factories are
children aged 12 to 15 years. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
|
| Liberia
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children are engaged
in logging, mining and street-vending. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Street Children
- The number of street children in Monrovia and the number of abandoned
infants increased significantly following disarmament.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Libya
|
- |
| Liechtenstein
|
- |
| Lithuania
|
- |
| Luxembourg
|
- |
| Madagascar
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* In urban areas,
many children work as petty traders, casual transport workers, and beggars.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Mining and Quarrying
- In an IPEC survey, child workers were found in small-scale mines and
quarries. (ILO,
Small-scale Mines, 1999, citing unpublished ILO-IPEC Survey of Child Workers
in Small-scale Gold Mining, 1998)
|
| Malawi
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* There is significant
child labour on tobacco and tea farms and in domestic service.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Commercial Agriculture
- In 1993, a study in Malawi found that the majority of children living
on tobacco estates were working full or part time, 78% were 10-14
years old and 55% were 7-9 years old.
(UNICEF,
State of the World's Children, 1997)
* Commercial Agriculture
- Children below 15 account for about 22% of the total permanent labour
force, and 23% of the casual labour force on tobacco estates.
(ILO-IPEC, Child Labour In Commercial Agriculture
In Malawi, 27-30 August 1996, citing Beyond Dualism: The changing face of
the household estate sub-sector in Malawi, Research Report, 1990)
* Street Children
- The problem of street children worsened in 1997 as the number of orphans
whose parents died from HIV/AIDS increased.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
|
| Malaysia
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* Between 100,000
and 200,000 children are working in restaurants, markets, construction
sites and small industrial sites.
(ABC-CLIO, Sandy
Hobbs et al, Child Labor: A World History Companion, 1999, citing
Lee Wright Peter, Child Slaves, 1990)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
*
Most child labourers work in the urban informal sector in food businesses,
night markets, and small-scale industries, as well as on rubber and palm
oil plantations. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Begging
- Burmese children are smuggled into Malaysia for begging.
(Lawyers
for Human Rights and Legal Action, The Flesh Trade Report, 1995-1996)
* Rubber Plantation
- Children work up to 17 hours a day in rubber plantations, exposed
to insect and snake bites. (Kathlyn Gay, Child Labor: A Global Crisis, The Milbrook Press, 1998)
* Scavenging
- In urban areas, children can be found working in recycling garbage
dumps. (ABC-CLIO,
Sandy Hobbs et al, Child Labor: A World History Companion, 1999,
citing Lee Wright Peter, Child Slaves, 1990)
|
| Maldives
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* There are no reports
of children being employed in the small industrial sector, although children
work in family fishing, agricultural, and commercial activities. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
|
| Mali
|
NATIONAL STATISTICS
* An estimated
15,000 Malian children between the ages of 9 and 12 have been sold
into forced labour on the cotton, coffee, and cocoa plantations
of northern Cote d'Ivoire over the past few years. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Child labour exists,
though to a lesser degree, in crafts and trades apprenticeship and cottage
industries. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Commercial Agriculture
- Thousands of Malian children were trafficked and sold into indentured
servitude on Ivorian plantations. In September 1998, a private Abidjan
daily newspaper exposed the widespread practice of importing and indenturing
Malian boys for field work on Ivorian plantations under abusive conditions.
Mali was not the only source of forced child labour used in the country.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Commercial Agriculture
- Reports in national and international media throughout 1998 carried
out accounts of illicit trade in children from Mali to the Cote d'Ivoire
to be sold to farmers. (Child
Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the UN Working
Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999)
* Street Vending -
Children work as street vendors. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Malta
|
- |
| Marshall
Islands |
- |
| Mauritania
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Many children serve
apprenticeships in small industries and in the informal sector.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Street Children
- Local NGOs estimate that there are over 150 street children.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Mauritius
|
- |
| Mexico
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* In Mexico, 5-10
million youngsters are employed illegally often in hazardous jobs
making products for export to the USA.
(Mary E. Williams, Child Labour And
Sweat Shops, 1999)
* There are 115,000
children working in the streets, markets, tourist and other areas
of 108 cities in Mexico. 70% are boys and 30% girls, and around 60%
of them are found in just 20 cities.
(Pilar Franco, "Latin America: Millions
of Minors in Virtual Slavery", IPS, 19 February 1999, citing UNICEF
and the National System for the Integral Development of the Family
(DIF))
*
Mexico City's central market employs approximately 11,000 minors
between the ages of 7 and 18, who work as cart-pushers, kitchen
help, and vendors. (US
Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999,
25 February 2000)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Most child labour
is in the informal sector, including myriad underage street vendors,
family-owned workshops, or in agriculture and rural areas.
(US
Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25
February 2000)
*
Extensive use of child labour is reported in household production
units. No estimates are available.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child
Labor, 1997)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Begging - Some
20% of the children survive by begging, 24% by selling goods, and
others by doing subcontracting work.
("Over 5 Million Child Laborers in Mexico",
Xinhua: Comtex, 14 September 2000, citing National System for the
Integral Development of the Family (DIF),
"Prevention, Attention, Discouragement and Eradication of Childhood
Labor")
* Commercial Agriculture
- A survey of 12 states in Mexico indicate that children in the age
group of 7-14 make up 30% of day labourers in agriculture sector.
(US Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of
Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour, 1998)
* Commercial Agriculture
- In the agrarian sector children have to handle toxic pesticides
and other agro-chemical without adequate protection.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child
Labour, 1998, as cited in Estudio de ninos y adolescentis trabajadores
a nivel nacional 1998, Ministerio de Trabajo y Promocion Social, 1998)
* Footwear Production
- Children involved in moccasin-style shoe production at home.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child
Labor, 1997)
* Manufacturing
- There is extensive use of child workforce in the maquiladora sector.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, as cited in Defence
for Children International, "Out of the Equation: Children and North
American Economic Integration", 1993)
*
Street Children - In urban areas, over 10,000 children aged 6 to
14 work on the streets. ("Over
5 Million Child Laborers in Mexico", Xinhua: Comtex, 14 September
2000, citing National System for the Integral Development of the
Family (DIF),
"Prevention, Attention, Discouragement and Eradication of Childhood
Labor")
*
Street Children - The National System for the Integral Development
of the family asserted that more than 114,000 children worked on
the streets of large cities. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
|
| Micronesia
|
- |
| Moldova
|
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Street Children
- 1,000 street children are living in Chisinau and other urban areas.
(US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
|
| Monaco
|
- |
| Mongolia
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* The use of minors
is common in the rug-making industry and also exists to some extent in
the textile and leather goods industries.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Children - There
are an estimated 2,000 street children. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Street Children - In
Ulaanbaatar and major urban centres there are growing populations of street
children. There are an estimated 3,000 street children.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Street Children
- 3,133 were registered as permanent street children at the Policy Department
in 1997. (ILO-IPEC,
Country Paper: Mongolia, September 1999)
|
| Morocco
|
GENERAL NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* In practice children often are apprenticed before age 12, particularly
in the informal handicraft industry. The use of minors is common in the
small family-run workshops that produce rugs, ceramics, wood work, and
leather goods. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
*
Small leather tanning and manufacturing workshops, use child labour.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, cited by the Congress
on the Rights of the Child, Casablanca, May 25-27, 1994)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Carpet Industry - It is estimated that 5,000 to 10,000 children between
the ages of 8 and 14 work in the artisan carpet industry and between 2,000
and 3,000 work in the export-oriented carpet industry. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing` the L'Union Marocaine
du Travail(UMT) in a letter to International Child Labour Study, 22 June
1994)
* Garment Manufacturing
- Children are employed in the sub-contracting units of the garment industry.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing L'Union Marocaine
du Travail (UMT) in a letter to International Child Labour Study, 22 June
1994)
|
| Mozambique
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children,
including those under age 15, commonly work on family farms or in
the urban informal sector, where they perform such tasks as "guarding"
cars, collecting scrap metal, or selling trinkets and food in the
streets. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
* The informal
labour sector is unregulated. In a September 1999 newspaper survey,
labour union representatives noted the growing presence of children
in construction jobs. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
* Children work in
the urban informal sector. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Commercial Agriculture
- Children work on commercial plantations.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Construction - Increasing
presence of children in construction jobs.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Namibia
|
ASSORTED
NOTES
* There were also
reports that Angolan and Zambian children, who are not protected by the
Labour Act, work on communal and cattle farms in border areas. (EI
Barometer)
|
| Nauru
|
- |
| Nepal
|
ASSORTED NOTES
*
It is estimated that at least 1 million children in Nepal are working
as child labourers in difficult circumstances, often as slaves in
carpet factories, brick kilns, domestic service, agriculture, plantation,
construction, transportation, stone quarry, mines and as migrant
workers. (CWIN,
Gauri Pradhan, State of the Rights of the Child in Nepal, 1998)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Research has
shown that child labour exists in large numbers in labour-intensive
industries like carpet, stone and brick crushing, candle making, bidi
making and furniture industries. (ILO-IPEC,
Country Paper: Nepal, September 1999)
* Nepalese children
are employed in India in wood-cutting and construction work, specially
in cold places such as Shimla and Kashmir.
(CWA,
Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN), "Nepal-India
Cross Border Child Labour Migration", Child Workers in Asia,
Vol. 13, Nos. 2 & 3, April - September 1997)
*
The Indian catering industry is another sector which absorbs a large
number of Nepalese migrant child labourers. Children also are engaged
in shoe shining, factory work, portering or working as coolies in
the railway stations. Some children are also employed to work in
circuses and magic shows. (CWA,
Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN), "Nepal-India Cross Border Child
Labour Migration", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 &
3, April - September 1997)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
*
Wool Factory - According to a February 1999 press report, police
found 14 boys aged 15 to 17 years who were employed forcibly in
a wool factory in Jorpati. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
*
Brick Kilns - In the brick factories of Kathmandu alone 2,500 children
between 9-14 year were working. (ILO-IPEC,
Country Report: Nepal, October 1998)
* Carpet Industry
- According to a study by BISCON about 1.62% of child labour exists
in carpet industries. (ILO-IPEC,
Country Paper: Nepal, September 1999)
* Carpet Industry
- Child rights groups estimate that 23,000 children work in carpet
industry which amounts to one third of the industry's total work force.
The numbers are believed to have come down to 6,000 following international
campaign against child labour. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
* Carpet Industry
- CWIN's studies have revealed that Nepalese children are involved
in different labour sectors in India. Most prominent is the carpet
industry. CWIN estimates that there are 5,000-7,000 children working
in Bhadohi and Mirzapur in Benaras District bordering Nepal.
(CWA,
Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN), "Nepal-India Cross Border Child
Labour Migration", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 &
3, April - September 1997)
*
Carpet Industry - The estimated number of child labourers in the
carpet industry is 3,000. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child
Labor, 1997, citing AAFLI, Survey of Child Workers In Nepal Carpet
Factories, 1996)
*
Carpet
Industry
2,891 children are in the carpet industry.
(ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Nepal,
October 1998, citing AAFLI, 1996)
* Carpet Industry
- 200,000 children are working in the carpet industry.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Agricultural Imports &
Forced and Bonded Child Labour, 1995)
* Carpet Industry
- The official estimate states the percentage of child workers in
the carpet industry is 9%. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing Nepal Ministry
of Labour, "A Glimpse of Carpet Industries in Kathmandu Valley", July
1993)
* Carpet Industry
- In 1992, based on a sample survey, Child Workers in Nepal(CWIN)
estimated the number of children working in carpet factories of
Kathmandu Valley as 150,000 or 50% of the total work force.
(CWA,
Child Workers In Nepal (CWIN), "Carpet Children in Nepal",
Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 9 No. 2, April - June 1993)
*
Carpet Industry - The percentage of child workers in the carpet
industry is estimated as 50%.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing CWIN, "Carpet
Factory: A Source of Foreign Currency and the Misery of our Children",
1992)
Portering
- The total number of child porters working in Nepal is estimated
at 46,029, based on the results of this study. (ILO-IPEC,
Bal Kumar KC et all, Nepal, Situation of Child Porters: A Rapid
Assessment, Geneva, November 2001)
* Portering
- There are 550 child porters in Kathmandu.
(ILO-IPEC
and Foundation For Economic And Social Change, Annotated Bibliography
on Child Labour in Nepal, citing Concern for Children and Environment,
Nepal, Burden on Childhood, 1997)
* Portering - In
the Kathmandu Valley, portering is currently the major form of employment
for children. (CWA,
Bijaya Sainju, Concern for Children and Environment - Nepal, "Child
Porters in Kathmandu", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 3,
July - September 1994)
* Restaurants and
Hotels - 7,665 children work in hotels and restaurants.
(ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Nepal, October
1998)
* Scavenging
- The findings are based on the interviews of 300 children ages
5-17 years working currently as ragpickers in six major municipalities.
Based on respondents' and key informants' assessment, the total
number of child ragpickers was estimated to be 2,969 for the sample
sites and 3,965 overall for urban centers in Nepal, with the highest
concentration in the Kathmandu Valley and Dharan. (ILO-IPEC,
Bal Kumar KC et all, Nepal, Situation of Child Porters: A Rapid
Assessment, Geneva, November 2001)
*
Scavenging - An estimated 1,500 children are engaged as rag-pickers.
(ILO-IPEC, Country Report: Nepal,
October 1998)
* Street Children
- Street Children earn their living by selling newspaper, cleaning
garbage and even begging. (ILO-IPEC,
Country Paper: Nepal, September 1999)
* Street Children
- In Nepal, it is estimated that there are 5,000 children who have
landed on the streets of cities due to various socio-economic and
socio-psychological reasons and family violence. In the year 1997,
CWIN recorded 330 street children in Kathmandu, similarly it recorded
66 street children in Pokhra, 107 in Menayanghat, 103 in Dharan and
31 boys in Patan and 45 in Biratnagar. Population of street children
in Kathmandu was 1,000 in 1992. (CWIN,
Gauri Pradhan, State of the Rights of the Child in Nepal, 1998)
* Tempo Helpers
- According to the CWIN report 65% of the children working as tempo
helpers are below the age of 14 and the remaining 35% belong to
the age group of 14-18 years. (CWIN,
Gauri Pradhan, State of the Rights of the Child in Nepal, 1998)
|
| Netherlands
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Garment Manufacturing
- Children were found working in illegal clothing workshops in Amsterdam.
(EFCW, Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998)
* Street Children
- The phenomenon of street children is on the increase recently
as the group of migrant children has grown. They are mainly found
in Amsterdam and Rotterdam.
(EFCW, Children Who
Work in Europe, June 1998)
|
| New
Zealand |
- |
| Nicaragua
|
ASSORTED
STATISTICS
* Over 140,000
children are employed in rural areas at coffee, tobacco, rice, and
banana plantations. In Managua over 6,000 children work on city
streets, selling merchandise, cleaning automobile windows, or begging.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
* Out of 100,000 children
illegally employed, 72,000 children were employed in the annual harvests
of coffee, cotton, bananas, tobacco and rice. Others are forced by their
parents to work in the streets of Managua as vendors or beggars. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
*
The Census on Child Labour on the Streets and in Public Places, conducted
by the Nicaraguan Fund for Children and Family and UNICEF, found children
in various occupations like selling food, newspapers and other items, cleaning
and guarding cars, shoe polishing, loading and unloading of goods, garbage
collecting. (ILO-IPEC,
El trabajo infantil en America Latina - CD-ROM, August 1999)
SPECIFIC SECTORS
* Commercial Agriculture
- Between 60,000 and 70,000 children participate in the Nicaraguan
coffee harvest each year.
("Child labour used in 35%
of coffee harvest", 16 March 1999)
* Commercial Agriculture
- The Nicaraguan Union of Cafe Growers
(UNICAFE) estimates
children to be 35% of their work force.
("Child labour
used in 35% of coffee harvest", 16 March 1999)
* Street Children
- In the urban zones the majority of children work in the street,
carrying out different activities of high risk for their health and
safety.
(Second Report of the Civil Society on the
Rights of Children in Nicaragua, submission to the UN CRC, May-June
1999)
* Street Children - In
Managua, 4,000 to 5,000 children work on city streets, selling merchandise,
tobacco, and rice. (US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
* Street Children
- The Committee expresses its grave concern that an increasing number of
children who make a living by selling and begging on the streets are especially
vulnerable to sexual exploitation. (UN
CRC, Concluding observations on Nicaragua, 1995)
|
| Niger
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Begging - There are
reported instances of children being forced to beg.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
* Chemical Industry
- 10,000 children involved in production of torn- hydrated sodium
carbonate. (ILO,
Small-scale Mines, 1999)
*
Mining and Quarrying - 5,100 children are involved in gold mining.
(ILO,
Small-scale Mines, 1999, citing Rapport sur le travail des enfant
dans les petites exploitations miners du...)
*
Mining and Quarrying - Of the total 442,000 small scale mining workforce,
250,000 are children under the age of 18.
(ILO,
Small-scale Mines, 1999)
|
| Nigeria
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Trafficked children
are made to work as hawkers and petty traders, beggars, car washers, bus
conductors, farm hands or cattle rearers.
(UNICEF Child Domestic Workshop, 1998)
* The use of children
as hawkers, beggars and bus conductors is widespread in urban areas.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
*
In Nigeria, two of the main forms of child labour outside the home are
street vending and weaving. Children as young as 6 years old may be found
in street trading but most are between 9 and 14 years old.
(ABC-CLIO, Sandy Hobbs et al, Child Labor:
A World History Companion, 1999, citing International Working Group on
Child Labour, Oloko Sarah, Beatrice Adenik, In-Depth Country Report: Nigeria,
1995)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
* Street Children
- In Lagos alone there are 100,000 boys and girls living in the streets.
(Child Welfare League of Nigeria, Alternative
Report on the Implementation of CRC, submission to the UN CRC, September-October
1996)
|
| Niue
|
- |
| Norway
|
ASSORTED
NOTES
* Agriculture
and fishing provide occasional work for many children. (Living
on the Edges: Children who work in Europe, by Roberta Cecchetti,
European Forum for Child Welfare, June1998.)
|
| Oman
|
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
*
Camel Racing - There is forced child exploitation for camel-jockeying.
(ICFTU-APRO, Sub-Regional Seminar
on Child Labour, October 1993)
|
| Pakistan
|
ASSORTED STATISTICS
* More than 5 million children are employed
in the textile, clothing, footwear and leather sectors.
(ICFTU and
ETUC, Pakistan: Forced Labour, June 1995, citing estimates of Pakistan
National Textile, Leather and Garment Workers' Federation of Multan)
*
A survey found most of the children working in the informal sector in a
variety of activities; 52.2% of them in the production sector such as glass
making, battery-cell making, printing and publishing, textiles, metal works,
jewelry making, plastics, leather works, carpet weaving, garments, paper
and packaging, furniture, engineering and auto workshops, while 32.82%
were found in the service sector such as petrol pump operators, plumbers,
washermen, sweepers, garbage collectors, barbers, shoe polishers, hawkers,
car cleaners, hotel and restaurant workers, domestic helpers, shop assistants
and tailors. (CWA, Ghazanfer Abbas, "Child Labour in Pakistan", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 3, July - September 1994, citing 1990 survey jointly by the PILER in Karachi and SEBCON in
Islamabad)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* A large number of children
work in urban centres, weaving carpets, making surgical instruments and
producing sporting goods. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children,1994)
* There are allegations
of children working in industries including leather, footwear and mining.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
*
Children are employed in hazardous industries such as match and
fireworks factories, carpet-making factories, agricultural industries
under the authority of land-owners and in conditions of near slavery.
(OMCT/SOS, remarks to the UN CRC,
April 1994)
SPECIFIC
SECTORS
*
Auto Workshops - A survey conducted by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan
published in June 1999 noted that there are approximately 4,000 children
working in auto workshops in the Mardan district of the NWFP. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
*
Camel Racing - In 1992, it was estimated that some 20,000 children, some
as young as 5 years old, were sent to the Gulf region to be used as jockeys
in camel racing. (OMCT/SOS,
remarks to the UN CRC, April 1994)
* Brick Kilns -
A minimum of 250,000 children live and work in brick kilns in complete
social isolation. (CWA,
Ghazanfer Abbas, "Child Labour in Pakistan", Child Workers
in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 3, July - September 1994)
* Brick Kilns -
Tens of thousands of children work with their families in brick kilns.
(ILO Committee of Experts, General Report,
1994)
* Carpet Industry
- 120,000 to 1 million children work in the carpet industry. The figure
includes children in debt-bondage also.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child
Labor, 1997)
* Carpet Industry
- The number of child workers in carpet industry was 500,000.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Consumer Labels and Child
Labor, 1997, citing a memorandum of SACCS to US Dept of State, 20
February 1996)
* Carpet Industry
- 1.2 million children engaged in the carpet industry.
(ICFTU,
No Time to Play, 1996, citing UNICEF)
* Carpet Industry
- It is estimated that a minimum of 1 million workers comprise the
workforce of the country's large and labour-intensive carpet industry,
of which more than 500,000 are children.
(CWA,
Ghazanfer Abbas, "Child Labour in Pakistan", Child Workers
in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 3, July - September 1994)
* Carpet Industry - Reports tentatively estimate
that out of 15 million workers in the carpet industry, 1 million
are children. (ICFTU and ETUC, Pakistan:
Forced Labour, June 1995, citing UNICEF, Child Labour in the Carpet
Weaving Industry in Punjab, 1992)
* Manufacturing - 11 million children aged 4-14
keep the country's factories operating. (Jonathan
Silvers, "Child Labour in Pakistan", The Atlantic Monthly, 1996)
* Mining and Quarrying - 50,000 children are involved
in mining. (ICFTU-APRO, Sub-Regional
Seminar on Child Labour, October 1993)
* Scavenging
- 20.3% of child workers are engaged as rag-pickers.
(Sarah Javed and Zarina Jilani, Child
Labour in Islamabad, 1997)
* Sporting Goods
Industry - 80% of soccer balls sold in the US are made in east Pakistan,
where 1 in 5 workers are children between the ages of 7 and 12.
(Canadian Labour Congress, Challenging
Child Labour, 1998)
* Sporting Goods
Industry - In 1997, 5,400 children were removed from the soccer
ball industry.
(US
Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1998)
* Sporting Goods
Industry - Sialkot district alone produces nearly 75% of the world's
hand-stitched soccer balls. As many as 7,000 children currently work
in the industry. (EI,
EI Quarterly Magazine, September 1997, citing ILO)
* Sporting Goods
Industry - Of 35 million soccer balls stitched in Pakistan, children
produce one quarter of the balls, most of them as bonded servants.
(Mary E. Williams, Child Labour And
Sweat Shops, 1999, citing Sydney Schanberg, Life, 1 June 1996)
* Sports Goods
Industry - Children constitute approximately 20-25% of the work force
in the sports goods industry and range from 12-15 years.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994)
* | |