|
Country |
Domestic
Child Servitude |
| Afghanistan
|
|
| Albania
|
|
| Algeria
|
|
| Andorra
|
|
| Angola
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children work on
family farms as domestic servants. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Antigua
and Barbuda |
- |
| Argentina
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* UNICEF estimated
that 252,000 children under 15 years of age were working and of
these one third were domestics in urban areas. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Armenia
|
- |
| Australia
|
- |
| Austria
|
- |
| Azerbaijan
|
- |
| Bahamas
|
- |
| Bahrain
|
- |
| Bangladesh
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* 17% of domestic
workers are boys. (UNICEF Innocenti
Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999, citing an e-mail to UNICEF
ICDC, citing UNICEF Bangladesh, Prevailing opinions and attitudes
to child domestic work in urban middle class families, 4 February
1999)
* There are
an estimated 189,000 domestic servants. (ILO-IPEC,
Child Labour Situation in Bangladesh, 1997)
* Of the total
child workers 2.89% are engaged in domestic service.
(ILO-IPEC,
Rapid Assessment of Child Labour Situation in Bangladesh, 1996)
* About 72%
of the child domestic workers were girls. (ILO-IPEC,
Rapid Assessment of Child Labour Situation in Bangladesh, 1996)
LOCAL STATISTICS
* There are
300,000 child domestic servants in Dhaka Metropolitan City. (ILO-IPEC
baseline survey report under US DOL Project, BSAF)
* Shoishab Bangladesh
estimates there are between 250,000 and 300,000 bandhu maids, that
is, resident child servants, in Dhaka. (Jeremy
Seabrook, "The Little Maids Of Dhaka", Third World Network Features,
8 July 1999)
* In Dhaka,
as many as 300,000 children work as domestics. (UNICEF
Innocenti Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999, citing an e-mail
from UNICEF Bangladesh)
* In Bangladesh,
research in Dhaka concluded that more than 20% of child domestics
were between 5 and 10 years old. (UNICEF
Innocenti Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* A 1998 survey
identified only 16% of child domestics who received their wages
in hands; 45% never saw their wages, which were given to their parents
or guardians; and about 25% received no wage at all. (UNICEF
Innocenti Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999, citing an e-mail
from UNICEF Bangladesh, 24 November 1998)
* Child domestic workers
generally have to work for 15 hours a day, seven days a week. (UNICEF
Innocenti Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999, citing The Phenomenon
of Child Domestic Work: Issues, Responses and Research, 19-23 November
1997)
* Children who work
in domestic service may work in conditions that resemble servitude and
prostitution. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* There are
significant numbers of young girls who are abducted for the 'slave
trade, to be employed as domestic servants in the Middle East and
Pakistan. (An
Alternative Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child,
submission to the UN CRC, 1997)
|
| Barbados
|
- |
| Belarus
|
- |
| Belgium
|
- |
| Belize
|
- |
| Benin
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* Based on a
survey of 229 children trafficked from Benin to Gabon, 198 (86%)
were girls, the majority of whom were being trafficked for domestic
service. More than 50% of the sample were under 16 years old. (Anti-Slavery
International and ESAM, Trafficking of Children between Benin and
Gabon, 1999)
* In the research
sample of child domestic workers by the UNICEF West and Central
Africa Regional Office, 72.4% were between ages of 10-14, 19.2%
below age 10 and only 8.4% above 14 . (UNICEF,
The Issue of Child Domestic Labour and Trafficking in West and Central
Africa, July 1998)
* In Benin there are
estimated to be 150,000 child domestic workers aged between 4 and 14, with
the majority starting work at around the age of 10. (Anti-Slavery
International and ESAM, Étude sur la situation des 'enfants places' au
Bénin, April 1998)
* Vidomégon,
children placed with another member of the family or an outsider
to help with household and/or trading activities, are the most common
and exploited category of child workers in urban areas. 85% of them
are children, 20% are under 10 years. (UNICEF,
The Issue of Child Domestic Labour and Trafficking in West and Central
Africa, July 1998)
LOCAL STATISTICS
* In Cotonou,
there would appear to have been an increase in the number of child
domestic workers: 100 were identified in 1991; 950 in 1993. (UNICEF
Innocenti Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999, citing ILO, Improving
the situation of child domestic workers, 1997)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children work as
domestics in urban areas.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* It is clear that
a changing social structure coupled with rapid commercialisation have helped
fuel the demand for child domestic workers. (Anti-Slavery
International and ESAM, Étude sur la situation des 'enfants places' au
Bénin, April 1998)
|
| Bhutan
|
- |
| Bolivia
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* The old practice
of "criadito" service still persists in some parts of the country. Criaditos
are indigenous children of both sexes, usually 10 to 12 years old, whom
their parents indenture to middle and upper-class families to perform household
work in exchange for education, clothing, room, and board. There are no
controls over the benefits to, or treatment of, such children, who may
become virtual slaves for the years of their indenture.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Bosnia
and Herzegovina |
- |
| Botswana
|
- |
| Brazil
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* According
to the Government's Institute for Applied Economic Research, in
1998 there were approximately 800,000 girls between the ages of
10 and 17 working as domestic servants. (US
Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2001,
March 2002)
* 20% of girls
between the age of 10 and 14 work as domestics and the percentages
rise to 35.6% in rural areas. (ILO-IPEC,
Mainstreaming Gender in IPEC Activities, 1999)
* There are
an estimated 260,000 domestic workers between 10 and 14 years of
age. (ILO-IPEC,
Mainstreaming Gender in IPEC Activities, 1999)
* There are
an estimated 1 million child domestics. (US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate
Child Labour, 1998)
* 22% of the
working children are in domestic service. (ILO,
Targeting the Intolerable, November 1996)
|
| Brunei
Darussalam |
- |
| Bulgaria
|
- |
| Burkina
Faso |
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* It is reported
that in most of the regions of West Africa, children as young as
8 years are taken from the rural areas to towns and cities to work
as domestics. Many of them work for over 12 hours a day and are
subjected to mental, physical and sexual abuse. (ECPAT,
CSEC Database, http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/index.asp)
* Many children are
trafficked for domestic work. (Anti-Slavery
International, presentation to the Libreville Consultation, February 2000)
* A study has
shown that children are trafficked from Togo to Burkina Faso for
use as domestic servants. (WAO-Afrique,
Child Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the
UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999)
* Suspected child
trafficking activities have been identified in Mali, Mauritania and Burkina
Faso. These networks feed the domestic labour market in the main urban
centres of countries like Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea
and the Congo. (UNICEF, The Issue of Child
Domestic Labour and Trafficking in West and Central Africa, July 1998)
|
| Burma
(Myanmar) |
GENERAL NOTES AND
OBSERVATIONS
* Burma is a
country of origin for trafficking of persons, primarily of women
and girls, to Thailand and other countries as factory workers and
household servants, and for sexual exploitation. (US
Dept. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, July 12, 2001)
|
| Burundi
|
- |
| Cambodia
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children are
employed as domestic servants. (ILO-IPEC,
Child Labour in Cambodia, 1998)
|
| Cameroon
|
GENERAL NOTES AND
OBSERVATIONS
*
Children are trafficked from and through Cameroon to other West African
countries for indentured or domestic servitude, farm labour, and sexual
exploitation. (US
Dept. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, July 12, 2001)
* Trafficking in
children, which is always a problem, continues to be the subject of considerable
media coverage in Benin. Most victims are abducted or leave home with traffickers
who promise educational opportunities or other incentives. They are taken
to places in foreign countries (according to the press, principally to
Nigeria, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, and Gabon) and sold into servitude in
agriculture, as domestics, or as prostitutes. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* There are credible
reports that children from needy homes especially girls are placed with
other families to perform family chores for money.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Canada
|
- |
| Cape
Verde |
- |
| Central
African Republic |
- |
| Chad
|
- |
| Chile
|
LOCAL STATISTICS
* In Santiago,
5% of domestic workers are under 11, and 29% between 11 and 15.
(ILO-IPEC,
Mainstreaming Gender in IPEC Activities, 1999)
|
| China
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* 3,000 Vietnamese
women and children have been trafficked to China for domestic work and
to Cambodia for prostitution. (ILO-IPEC,
Trafficking in Children and Women, 1999)
|
China,
Hong Kong SAR |
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Hong Kong is affected
by various forms of trafficking for domestic service. (CWA, "Serving Affluent Businessmen and Visitors", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 13, Nos. 2 & 3, April - September 1997)
|
China,
Macau SAR |
- |
China,
Taiwan |
- |
| Colombia
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* In Colombia, 20%
of girls between the ages of 10 and 14 work as domestics and the percentage
rises to 32% in rural areas. (ILO-IPEC, Mainstreaming
Gender in IPEC Activities, 1999)
|
| Comoros
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children, often
as young as 7 years of age, typically work long hours as domestic servants
in exchange for food and shelter.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Congo
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* In cross-border
trafficking, Benin, Ghana, Nigeria and Togo are known to be the
main providers of child domestic labour to the main urban centres
of countries like Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea
and the Congo. Suspected child trafficking activities have also
been identified in Mali, Mauritania and Burkina Faso.
(UNICEF, The Issue of Child Domestic Labour and Trafficking in West
and Central Africa, July 1998)
|
| Congo,
Dem. Rep. |
- |
| Cook
Islands |
- |
| Costa
Rica |
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* In Costa Rica, it
is estimated that 70,000 girls and young women work as domestics. 44% of
those interviewed began work at or before the age of 14. More than half
of the child domestics interviewed were migrants from neighbouring Nicaragua.
(Anti-Slavery International and DNI-Costa
Rica, 50 niñas y mujeres adolescentes trabajadoras domésticas en Costa
Rica, May 1999)
* In 1992, 28% of
youth between the ages of 12 and 19 were working as domestics. (ECPAT
International, Child Prostitution and Sex Tourism, citing Agustin Castros,
"Aumenta turismo sexual", Prense Libre, 8 June 1994)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Domestic service
is a major form of female and child employment in Costa Rica.
(ECPAT International, Child Prostitution
and Sex Tourism, citing Agustin Castros, "Aumenta turismo sexual", Prense
Libre, 8 June 1994)
|
| Cote
d'Ivoire |
LOCAL STATISTICS
*
More than half of a representative sample of 200 domestic workers
surveyed in the capital, Abidjan were found to be under 18 years
old. (BICE-Côte
d'Ivoire and Anti-Slavery International, Les petits bonnes a Abidjan,
1997)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Some children are employed
as domestics and are subjected to sexual abuse, harassment, and other forms
of mistreatment by their employers, according to AIDF and press reports.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* A study has shown
that children are trafficked from Togo to Cote d'Ivoire, for use as
domestic servants. (WAO-Afrique, Child Trafficking
in West and Central Africa, submission to the UN Working Group on
Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999)
* In cross-border
trafficking, Benin, Ghana, Nigeria and Togo are known to be the main
providers of child domestic labour to the main urban centres of countries
like Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea and the Congo.
Suspected child trafficking activities have also been identified in
Mali, Mauritania and Burkina Faso. (UNICEF, The Issue
of Child Domestic Labour and Trafficking in West and Central Africa,
July 1998)
* The sale of children
for labour is organised around networks, which bring children from rural
areas to urban centres to work for individual employers in domestic service.
(CWA, Rokhaya Diop, "The Sale of Child Labour in Côte d'Ivoire", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 4, October - December 1994)
|
| Croatia
|
- |
| Cuba
|
- |
| Cyprus
|
- |
| Czech
Republic |
- |
| Denmark
|
- |
| Djibouti
|
- |
| Dominica
|
- |
| Dominican
Republic |
- |
| East
Timor |
- |
| Ecuador
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* 20% of girls between
the ages of 10 and 14 work as domestics. The percentages rise as high as
43.8% in rural areas. (ILO-IPEC,
Child Domestic Workers, 1998)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children are being
trafficked from Ecuador to Venezuela. The children work in virtual slavery
conditions as domestic workers. (CATW
Fact Book, citing Vladimir Villegas, Congressional Human Rights Commission,
Estrella Gutierrez, "Child Traffic in Venezuela Tip of the Iceberg", IPS,
11 January 1998)
|
| Egypt
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children work as
domestics. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| El
Salvador |
- |
| Equatorial
Guinea |
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* In cross-border
trafficking, Benin, Ghana, Nigeria and Togo are known to be the
main providers of child domestic labour to the main urban centres
of countries like Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea
and the Congo. Suspected child trafficking activities have also
been identified in Mali, Mauritania and Burkina Faso.
(UNICEF, The Issue of Child Domestic Labour and Trafficking in West
and Central Africa, July 1998)
|
| Eritrea
|
- |
| Estonia
|
- |
| Ethiopia
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Child domestic workers
are common. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Fiji
|
- |
| Finland
|
- |
| France
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Some diplomats
have domestic slaves. They are usually foreign nationals and diplomats
from places where slavery already exists, such as the Gulf and North
Africa, but also include native French.
(American
Anti-Slavery Group, Jesse Sage, e-mail to GMIS, 6 November 2000,
citing Kevin Bales, Disposable People)
|
| Gabon
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* Based on a
survey of 229 children trafficked from Benin to Gabon, 198 (86%)
were girls, the majority of whom were being trafficked for domestic
service. More than 50% of the sample were under 16 years old
(Anti-Slavery
International and ESAM, Trafficking of Children between Benin and
Gabon, 1999)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
*
Gabon is a destination country for trafficked persons, primarily
children from west and central Africa (specifically Benin and Togo)
for domestic servitude. (US
Dept. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, July 12, 2001)
*
UNICEF and other concerned organisations have reported that government
officials often privately use foreign child labourers, mainly as domestic
help. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* A study has shown that children are trafficked from Benin to
Gabon to be used as domestic servants, and from Togo to Gabon for
use as domestic servants, market traders, child beggars and prostitutes.
(WAO-Afrique,
Child Trafficking in West and Central Africa, submission to the
UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1999)
* In cross-border trafficking, Benin, Ghana,
Nigeria and Togo are known to be the main providers of child domestic
labour to the main urban centres of countries like Côte d'Ivoire,
Gabon, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea and the Congo. Suspected child
trafficking activities have also been identified in Mali, Mauritania
and Burkina Faso.
(UNICEF, The Issue of Child Domestic Labour and
Trafficking in West and Central Africa, July 1998)
|
| Gambia
|
GENERAL NOTES AND
OBSERVATIONS
* Anecdotal
evidence in Gambia suggests that the existence of sexually exploitative
activities amongst young people within domestic and work situation
is overwhelming. (ECPAT,
CSEC Database, http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/index.asp)
* A report on
the trafficking of children in West and Central Africa states that
children are being trafficked to and from Senegal to neighbouring
countries to work as domestics. (ECPAT,
CSEC Database, http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/index.asp)
|
| Georgia
|
- |
| Germany
|
- |
| Ghana
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* In Ghana,
80% of girls working as domestics were between 10 and 14 years.
(UNICEF
Innocenti Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999)
LOCAL STATISTICS
*
A recent survey shows that there are at least 39 active 'trokosi'
shrines in the Volta and Dangme areas: 18 in the Tongu North (Adidome),
eight in the Tongu South (Sogakope), five in Ketu, three in Keta,
two in Dangme West and one in Akatsi district. In all, there are
over 1,000 'Trokosis'. (Santuah
Niagia, "Children forced to atone for the sins of parents", Dispatch
Online, 16 March 2000)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
*
Children are trafficked to and from Cote d'Ivoire, Togo, and Nigeria
for indentured or domestic servitude. (US
Dept. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, July 12, 2001)
* NGO's report
that children as young as age 7 work illegally as domestic servants.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
*
Teenage girls from rural areas are sent by relatives to work in the cities
as housemaids for little remuneration. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* In cross-border
trafficking, Benin, Ghana, Nigeria and Togo are known to be the
main providers of child domestic labour to the main urban centres
of countries like Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea
and the Congo. (UNICEF,
The Issue of Child Domestic Labour and Trafficking in West and Central
Africa, July 1998)
*
Under the Trokosi
system, a traditional practice that is particularly prevalent in
the Volta region, girls, usually under the age of ten, are enslaved
to fetish priests in atonement for some offence committed by their
families. They are subjected to forced labour and sexual abuse,
often bearing the priests' children. Even after release, a woman's
obligations to the shrine are life long and a replacement is expected
when she dies. It is estimated that some 4,500 girls are caught
up in that system
(ECPAT,
CSEC Database, http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/index.asp)
|
| Greece
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Findings of the
NOW survey revealed the presence of child workers in different fields including
domestic work. (EFCW,
Children Who Work in Europe, June 1998)
|
| Grenada
|
- |
| Guatemala
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* Roughly 100,000
girls between 10 and 14 years of age reportedly work as domestics.
(IACHR,
Country Report - Guatemala, 2001)
* An estimated
92,800 girls work as maids, most of them in Guatemala City.
("Two
Million Children Work In Guatemala", EFE News Service, 16 September
2000, citing the report on childhood issued by the Guatemalan Archbishop's
Human Rights Office)
|
| Guinea
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Refugee children
from conflicts in nearby Liberia and Sierra Leone can end up as domestic
workers in Guinea. They are not trafficked but displaced because of internal
conflicts. (Anti-Slavery
International, presentation to the Libreville Consultation, February 2000)
|
| Guinea-Bissau
|
- |
| Guyana
|
- |
| Haiti
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* 'Restavek', the
practice of sending children to serve as unpaid domestic labour for more
affluent city dwellers, exists, in the country. UNICEF estimated that 200,000
to 300,000 children 85% of them girls, are victims of this practice.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* The figure
of 300,000 restavek children is a guesswork figure, not the result
of a survey. (Maggie
Black, e-mail to GMIS, 27 April 2000)
* There are an estimated 10,000 child domestic servants.
(ILO-IPEC,
IPEC action against child labour, 1998-99)
* There appear
to be at least 200,000 child servants living at the bottom of the
socio-economic scale. (UN
Secretary-General, The Situation of Democracy and Human Rights in
Haiti, note to the UN General Assembly, 50th session, 12 October 1995)
* Of an estimated
250,000 child domestic workers or restaveks, 20% are 7 to 10 years
old. (UNICEF
Innocent Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999, citing Minnesota
Lawyers International Human Rights, Restavek: Child Labour in Haiti,
1993)
*
Restavek is a prevalent feature of Haitian society. The 1984 Conference
Report estimated that 109,000 Haitian children worked as restaveks,
65,000 girls and 44,000 boys. If 109,000 children is an accurate
figure today, 5% of Haitian children between the age of 5 and 18
work as domestics. (Minnesota
Lawyer International Human Rights Committee, Restavek: Child Domestic
Labour In Haiti, August 1990, citing E.Clesca, La domesticite juvenile
est elle une consequence du sous development ou le produit de la
mentalite d 'un peuple)
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
*
A survey carried out in 1993 by the Institut Psycho-Social de la
Famille found that child servants live in very poor conditions.
It has been shown that the physical, moral and emotional suffering
of the children is ignored. (UN
Secretary-General, The Situation of Democracy and Human Rights in
Haiti, note to the UN General Assembly, 50th session, 12 October
1995)
|
| Honduras
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* 5.5% of child labourers
are domestic servants. (ILO-IPEC,
El trabajo infantil en America Latina - CD-ROM, August 1999)
|
| Hungary
|
- |
| Iceland
|
- |
| India
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* A survey in
India, noted that 17% of domestic workers were under 15 years old
and also reported that girls aged 12 to 15 were the preferred choice
of 90% of employing households. (UNICEF,
State of the World's Children, 1997)
LOCAL STATISTICS
* Of the 11,280 children
below the age of 14 years involved in domestic chores for a wage in 19 towns
of Tamil Nadu, around 3,000 children were employed in the homes of government
servants. (Ramya
Kannan, "India: Study shows lack of follow-up action", The Hindu, 20 Septenber,
2000, citing The 'preliminary assessment' of the prevalence of domestic
child labour, by Peace Trust, and 15 other NGOs)
* In Chennai, a study
found that 25% of child domestic workers interviewed began working before
they were nine and a further 65% began work between the ages of nine and
12 years old. More than 80% were girls. (Anti-Slavery
International and Arunodhaya, "Out of Sight, Out of Mind, Out of Reach:
A study of child domestic workers in Chennai, India", 1999)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* In December 1999, domestic media reported that
child labourers were being sold in an organised ring at the annual
Sonepur cattle fair in Bihar. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
|
| Indonesia
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* In Indonesia,
According to the statistics of Central Bureau of Statistics (1999),
there are 1,341,712 domestic workers in Indonesia; 310,378 of the
are between 10 and 18 years old, which is about 23 per cent. In
Jakarta the estimated number of child domestic workers are 70,792.
(ILO-IPEC, Trafficking of Children, The problem and responses worldwide,
citing ILO-IPEC and the University of Indonesia, 2001)
* Although accurate
figures are unavailable, estimates put the number of child domestic
workers as up to 1.5 million. Observers agree that this number increased
in 1998 as a result of the economic crisis.
(US
Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999,
25 February 2000)
* An ILO statistical
survey estimated that 5 million children in Indonesia are in domestic
service. (ILO-IPEC,
Child Domestic Workers, 1998)
* It is estimated
that 400,000 children under 15 are working as domestics in the greater
Jakarta area, with further estimates suggesting that more than 50%
of all domestic workers in the Jakarta metropolitan region are under
18. Extrapolations from these estimates suggest that
*In Indonesia,
According to the statistics of Central Bureau of Statistics (1999),
there are 1,341,712 domestic workers in Indonesia; 310,378 of the
are between 10 and 18 years old, which is about 23 per cent. In
Jakarta the estimated number of child domestic workers are 70,792.
(ILO-IPEC, Trafficking of Children, The problem and responses worldwide,
citing ILO-IPEC and the University of Indonesia, 2001) there are
between 2 and 2.75 million domestic workers under the age of 18
in Indonesia as a whole, with almost 1.5 million 14 years old or
younger. (Anti-Slavery
International, Child Domestic Work in Indonesia, 1995)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Many domestic workers are female children under the age of 15 years.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
*
Child domestic workers generally have to work for 15 hours a day, seven
days a week. (UNICEF
Innocenti Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999, citing "The Phenomenon
of Child Domestic Work: Issues, Responses and Research Findings", 19-23
November 1997)
* It is clear that
a changing social structure coupled with rapid commercialisation have helped
fuel the demand for child domestic workers.
(Anti-Slavery International, Child Domestic
Work in Indonesia, 1995)
|
| Iran
|
- |
| Iraq
|
- |
| Ireland
|
- |
| Israel
|
- |
| Italy
|
- |
| Jamaica
|
- |
| Japan
|
- |
| Jordan
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Abuse of domestic
servants, most of whom are foreign, is widespread. Imprisonment of maids
and illegal confiscation of travel documents by employers is common.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Kazakhstan
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* Domestics comprise
9.4% of working children. (ILO-IPEC,
Child Labour in Kazakhstan, September 1997)
|
| Kenya
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* 78% of child
domestics in one survey were only paid 'in kind'.
(UNICEF
Innocenti Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999, citing UNICEF,
State of the World's Children, 1997)
LOCAL STATISTICS
*
A study of the lower middle class residential area in Nairobi found
that 20% of households employed children in 1982, though by 1991
this had dropped to 12%. (UNICEF
Innocenti Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999, citing ILO,
Child Labour in Domestic Service, unpublished, 1993)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
*
Children often work as domestic servants in private homes. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
* In Kenya,
a study of girls working as housemaids found that of 25 girls aged
9 to 16 years who were interviewed in depth, 18 were HIV-positive.
Of those 18, most had worked in several homes and reported being
sexually abused in all or most of them. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
*
Children often work as domestic servants in private homes.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* Millions of children
toil in private homes. (Philip
Ngunjiri, "Child labour on the rise", IPS, 6 December 1998)
* Exploitation of child labour, especially
domestic child workers, is rampant.
(Sinaga Women and Child Labour
Resource Center, Domestic Child Workers: Selected Case Studies on
the Situation of Girl Child Domestic Workers, July 1997)
|
| Kiribati
|
- |
| Korea,
Dem. People's Republic |
- |
| Korea,
Rep. |
- |
| Kosovo
|
- |
| Kuwait
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* There are
confirmed reports that some South Asian and Southeast Asian domestic
servants are under age 18. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
|
| Kyrgyzstan
|
- |
| Laos
|
- |
| Latvia
|
- |
| Lebanon
|
- |
| Lesotho
|
- |
| Liberia
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Refugee children
from conflicts in nearby Liberia and Sierra Leone can end up as domestic
workers in Guinea. They are not trafficked but displaced because of internal
conflicts. (Anti-Slavery
International, presentation to the Libreville Consultation, February 2000)
|
| Libya
|
- |
| Liechtenstein
|
- |
| Lithuania
|
- |
| Luxembourg
|
- |
| Madagascar
|
- |
| Malawi
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* A local NGO has reported that in urban areas it is not uncommon to find
young girls working as domestic servants, receiving little or no wages,
and existing in a state of indentured servitude.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* There is significant
child labour in domestic service. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
|
| Malaysia
|
- |
| Maldives
|
- |
| Mali
|
NATIONAL STATISTICS
* An even greater
number than 15,000 have been pressed into domestic service. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
|
| Malta
|
- |
| Marshall
Islands |
- |
| Mauritania
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Suspected
child trafficking activities have been identified in Mali, Mauritania
and Burkina Faso. These networks feed the domestic labour market
in the main urban centres of countries like Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon,
Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea and the Congo.
(UNICEF,
The Issue of Child Domestic Labour and Trafficking in West and Central
Africa, July 1998)
|
| Mauritius
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Child labour in
homes is common on Rodrigues Island. (EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
|
| Mexico
|
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* There have been
isolated cases of organised trafficking of persons for the purpose of forced
prostitution, sexual services and domestic servitude.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Micronesia
|
- |
| Moldova
|
- |
| Monaco
|
- |
| Mongolia
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children are employed
informally as domestics and usually receive little or no wage. The practice
of adoptive servitude, in which families adopt young girls who serve as
domestic servants, is socially accepted.
(EI, EI Barometer on Human and Trade Union Rights in the Education Sector, 1998)
|
| Morocco
|
NATIONAL STATISTICS
* Another study
estimated that 20,000 child maids are working in Morocco's other
major cities. According to the survey, over 80 percent of the child
maids are illiterate and over 80 percent are from rural areas. (US
Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2001,
March 2002)
* Children
in Morocco are also exploited in domestic servitude and trafficked
internally for that purpose. It is estimated that more than 50,000
children, work as child domestics in that country. (ILO-IPEC,
Trafficking of Children, The problem and responses worldwide, citing
Anti Slavery International: Reporter- July 2001, 2001)
* A sample survey
shows that of the domestic workers 27% are under 10 years and 73%
are under 12 years. (ILO, Child Labour: What Is To Be Done?, June
1996, citing Moroccan League for the Protection of Children in collaboration
with the Ministry of Health); 70% of housemaids interviewed in 1995
were under the age of 13 with a quarter of them below 10. (Anti-Slavery
International, Children working as domestic servants: progress and
challenges, submission to the UN, May 1998)
*
A survey found that 72% of child domestic workers began their day
before 7am and went to bed after 11pm.
(ILO,
Targeting the Intolerable, November 1996)
LOCAL
STATISTICS
*
The Ministry of Planning and Economic Forecasting, with funding
from UNICEF and through collaboration with domestic NGO's, conducted
a survey from April to June 2000 of domestic employees in Casablanca.
The study concluded that there are approximately 13,000 girls under
age 15 employed as child maids in Casablanca. (US
Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2001,
March 2002)
GENERAL
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
* Children, particularly rural girls, are employed informally as domestics.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
* The practice of
adoptive servitude, in which families adopt young rural girls and use them
as domestic servants in their homes, is prevalent.
(US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Mozambique
|
GENERAL NOTES
AND OBSERVATIONS
* The number
of children in domestic positions appeared to be rising. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000, February 2001)
* Children are employed
in domestic positions. (US Dept of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999, 25 February 2000)
|
| Namibia
|
- |
| Nauru
|
- |
| Nepal
|
NATIONAL
STATISTICS
* 31,000 children
and adolescents work as domestic servants.
(US
Dept of Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child
Labour, 1998, citing Sinaga Women and Child Labour Resource Centre,
"Domestic Child Workers", July 1997)
* Some 62,000 urban
domestics are under the age of 14. (UNICEF
Innocenti Digest on Child Domestic Work, May 1999, citing CWIN,
Urban child domestic labour in Nepal, 1995)
*
On the basis of a survey, it can be estimated that at least, 10,600
children are working as domestics in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur
in Kathmandu valley and over 31,000 are in the 33 municipalities
of Nepal. (CWA,
Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN), "Domestic Child Workers in the
Kathmandu Valley", Child Workers in Asia, Vol. 10, No. 1, January
- March 1994)
| |
