Bonded labor is a form of modern day slavery, where ordinary people lose the most basic freedom of motion, the freedom of choice. They are forced to work long hours with little rest. Over five million children are born into such slavery. Their parents or grandparents may have borrowed a petty sum from a local landlord and consequently generations and generations have to work for the same master. They are prisoners - forbidden to leave. Another five million children are sent to work when their parents receive a token advance and this small amount is used to justify unending years of hardship.

The conditions of bonded labor are complete inhuman. Small children of six, seven years and older are forced to work 14 hours a day, without breaks or a day of rest. If they cry for their parents, they are beaten severely, sometimes hanged upside down from the trees and even branded or burned with cigarettes. They are often kept half-fed because the employers feel that if they are fed properly, then they will be sleepy and slow in their work. In many cases they are not even permitted to talk to each other or laugh out loud because it makes the work less efficient. It is real medieval slavery.

We believe that no other forms of human rights violation can be worse than this. This is the most shameful defeat of Indian law, our country's constitution and the United Nations Charter. Our most effective armor in this situation is to educate the masses and to create concern and awareness against this social evil. In addition, we attempt to identify areas where child slavery is common. We conduct secret raids to free these children and return them to their families. Follow-up on their education and rehabilitation is an equally vital step in the whole process. We lobby different sectors of society, parliamentarians, religious groups, trade unions and others, who we believe could influence the situation. We have about 100 full-time and part-time associates in our group. But we have also formed a network of over 470 non-governmental organizations in India and other South Asian countries.

For us, working with enslaved children has never been an easy task. It many times involves very traumatic situations. These children have been in bondage ever since the time they can remember. Liberty for them is an unfamiliar word. They don't know how it is like to be 'free'. For us, the foremost challenge is to return to them their lost childhood. It is not as simple as it might sound -- we really have to work hard at it. For instance, one of the children we've freed was a 14-year-old boy, Nageshwar, who was found branded with red-hot iron rods. Coincidentally, at that time, an official from the RFK Center for Human Rights was in India and she came across the boy in New Delhi. The trauma Nageshwar went through had made him lose his speech. He was even unable to explain his condition. It was only later that through other children we came to know about what had happened to him. We really have to work hard to reach such children.

As you may be well aware, marches and walks have been an integral part of our Indian tradition. Mahatma Gandhi marched several times to educate the people (and also to learn something himself!). Keeping in view their strong impact, especially when it comes to mass mobilisation, marches have always occupied a prominent place in our overall strategy to combat child slavery. Marching doesn't mean that we are trying to impose anything. Our demonstrations have about 200 to 250 marchers, half of whom are children -- children who have been freed from bondage and slavery. They act as live examples reflecting the dire need to educate people about both the negative impact of the bonded labor system and the positive impact of their newly gained freedom. The other marchers are representatives from human rights organizations, trade unions and social organizations who join in solidarity. We go to different villages everyday, and conduct public meetings, street theatre, cultural activities and press conferences to put across our message to the people.

We welcomed the Prime Minister's promise to act against child labor, if not against bonded labor. We were hoping for some positive results, some impetus to reforms. But even after nearly two years, no action has taken place. It is very unfortunate. The pronouncement initially created some fear in the minds of employers, but now I think it is going to prove counter-productive to reform. People have by now realized that it was nothing more than a political gimmick and that there was no real will behind it. In case of a child bonded to a street restaurant, the employer is usually an ordinary person of some remote village or town. But speaking of children employed in carpet weaving, or the glass industry or the brassware industry, the employers are 'big' people. They generate a lot of foreign exchange through exports and are always considered favorably by the government.

Despite this, I am not in favor of a total boycott or blanket ban on the export of Indian carpets. Instead I have suggested that consumers buy only those carpets that are guaranteed made without child labor. Consumer education is a must to generate demand for such carpets. We believe that if more and more consumers pressed this issue, more and more employers would be compelled to free child workers and replace them with adults. It is unfortunate that in the last few years in India, Pakistan and Nepal, the numbers of children in servitude have gone up paralleling the growth in exports. For instance, today in India we have about 300,000 children in the carpet industry alone with the export market of over 600 million USD a year. Ten or fifteen years ago, the number of children was somewhere between 75,000 to 100,000 and at that time the exports were not for more than 100 million USD. The direct relation between these two is clearly evident. This fact compelled us to launch a consumer campaign abroad. Health and environment have been the prime concerns among the consumers in the West -- in Germany, in the US. But the issue of children was never linked with this consumer consciousness. People thought of environment and animal rights, but they never thought about children. But in the last couple years, I am proud that the child labor issue has gained momentum and has become one of the big campaigns in the world. What began with awareness and publicity has now expanded to issues of compliance:

We have recommended the establishment of an independent and professional, internationally credible body to inspect, monitor and finally certify carpets and other products that has been made without child labor. We formed the Rugmark Foundation as an independent body with non-governmental organisations like UNICEF and others. They appoint field inspectors, give all carpets a quote number which gives the details of the production history of the carpet. The labels are woven in the backside of the carpet, and nobody can remove or replace them. This is a significant step in ending this exploitation.

But even this task of educating western consumers is not so easy. It does involve its share of risks. For example, a German TV film company, after initial research exposed the employment of children in the carpet export industry. The story was of an importer in Germany, IKEA, who had announced that they would deal only with child labour free goods. So reporters started investigating. They came to my office and ashram and interviewed me. Their interview was of a very general nature but when the film was shown later it mentioned 'Sheena Export ' in detail which resulted in the cancellation of a big order from IKEA. Sheena Export, one of the biggest players in the field, became notorious in important circles, which affected their exports, including to the United States, worth 200 million USD a year. The company is politically very powerful (one of the brothers is the Transport Minister in the state of Haryana) and so it decided to fight back.

I know that the entire carpet industry, or the majority of it, opposes me. They believe I am their enemy; they just want to eliminate me. They wanted to take me to Haryana, the state known for the worst human rights violations, fake encounters, illegal custody and killings of people in jail and in police stations. I was arrested on June 1st. They wanted to arrest me legally, but they never informed the Delhi police, which is required under Indian law. Because the police came from another state and had no jurisdiction, they couldn't legally arrest me in my home in Delhi. But they tried. I was able to make phone calls and consult a few people on this, and finally I told them that they could not arrest me. The police did not pay heed to it and threatened to break in. They took out their pistols. As you can imagine, their presence had created a terror in the whole locality. I was finally arrested and later released on bail. It was not the first time, though it was the first that such a big plot was cooked up against me. At times in the past I have faced such threats. Two of my colleagues have also been killed.

I think of it all as a test. This is a moral examination that one has to pass. If you decide to stand up against such social evils, you have to be fully prepared -- not just physically or mentally, but also spiritually. One has to pull oneself together for the supreme sacrifice-- and people have done so in the past. Robert F. Kennedy did. Mahatma Gandhi, Indira Gandhi, John Kennedy the list can go on endlessly. Resistance -- it is there always, we only have to prepare ourselves for it. We will have to face it, sooner or later. It is the history of humanity, after all.